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xii R. GROSS AND A. MARX LIST OF FIGURES2.13 Motion of Josephson Vortices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662.14 Magnetic Flux and Current Density Distribution for a Josephson Vortex . . . . . . . . . 702.15 Classification of Junction Types: Overlap, Inline and Grain Boundary Junction . . . . . 742.16 Geometry of the Asymmetric Inline Junction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772.17 Geometry of Mixed Overlap and Inline Junctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 782.18 The Josephson Current Distribution of a Long Inline Junction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802.19 The Maximum Josephson Current as a Function of the Junction Length . . . . . . . . . 812.20 Magnetic Field Dependence of the Maximum Josephson Current and the Josephson CurrentDensity Distribution in an Overlap Junction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 832.21 The Maximum Josephson Current as a Function of the Applied Field for Overlap andInline Junctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843.1 Current-Voltage Characteristic of a Josephson tunnel junction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 913.2 Equivalent circuit for a Josephson junction including the normal, displacement and fluctuationcurrent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 923.3 Equivalent circuit of the Resistively Shunted Junction Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 973.4 The Motion of a Particle in the Tilt Washboard Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983.5 Pendulum analogue of a Josephson junction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 993.6 The IVCs for Underdamped and Overdamped Josephson Junctions . . . . . . . . . . . . 1013.7 The time variation of the junction voltage and the Josephson current . . . . . . . . . . . 1033.8 The RSJ model current-voltage characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1053.9 The RCSJ Model IVC at Intermediate Damping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1073.10 The RCJ Model Circuit for an Applied dc and ac Voltage Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1083.11 Overdamped Josephson Junction driven by a dc and ac Voltage Source . . . . . . . . . . 1103.12 Overdamped Josephson junction driven by a dc and ac Current Source . . . . . . . . . . 1113.13 Shapiro steps for under- and overdamped Josephson junction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1123.14 Photon assisted tunneling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1133.15 Photon assisted tunneling in SIS Josephson junction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1133.16 Thermally Activated Phase Slippage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1163.17 Temperature Dependence of the Thermally Activated Junction Resistance . . . . . . . . 1193.18 RSJ Model Current-Voltage Characteristics Including Thermally Activated Phase Slippage1203.19 Variation of the Josephson Coupling Energy and the Charging Energy with the JunctionArea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1243.20 Energy diagrams of an isolated Josephson junction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1273.21 The Coulomb Blockade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128© Walther-Meißner-Institut
LIST OF FIGURES APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY xiii3.22 The Phase Blockade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1293.23 The Cooper pair box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1313.24 Double well potential for the generation of phase superposition states . . . . . . . . . . 1323.25 Macroscopic Quantum Tunneling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1343.26 Macroscopic Quantum Tunneling at Large Damping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1383.27 Mechanical analogue for phase dynamics of a long Josephson junction . . . . . . . . . . 1413.28 The Current Voltage Characteristic of an Underdamped Long Josephson Junction . . . . 1453.29 Zero field steps in IVCs of an annular Josephson junction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1474.1 The dc-SQUID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1604.2 Maximum Supercurrent versus Applied Magnetic Flux for a dc-SQUID at Weak Screening1624.3 Total Flux versus Applied Magnetic Flux for a dc SQUID at β L > 1 . . . . . . . . . . . 1634.4 Current-voltage Characteristics of a dc-SQUID at Negligible Screening . . . . . . . . . 1654.5 The pendulum analogue of a dc SQUID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1674.6 Principle of Operation of a dc-SQUID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1694.7 Energy Resolution of dc-SQUIDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1724.8 The Practical dc-SQUID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1734.9 Geometries for thin film SQUID washers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1744.10 Flux focusing effect in a YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ washer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1754.11 The Washer dc-SQUID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1764.12 The Flux Modulation Scheme for a dc-SQUID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1774.13 The Modulation and Feedback Circuit of a dc-SQUID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1784.14 The rf-SQUID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1804.15 Total flux versus applied flux for a rf-SQUID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1824.16 Operation of rf-SQUIDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1834.17 Tank voltage versus rf-current for a rf-SQUID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1844.18 High T c rf-SQUID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1874.19 The double relaxation oscillation SQUID (DROS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1884.20 The Superconducting Quantum Interference Filter (SQIF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1904.21 Input Antenna for SQUIDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1914.22 Various types of thin film SQUID magnetometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1934.23 Magnetic noise signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1944.24 Magnetically shielded room . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1954.25 Various gradiometers configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1962005
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