Applied Superconductivity - Walther Meißner Institut - Bayerische ...

LIST OF FIGURES APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY xv5.24 RSFQ NOT Gate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2485.25 RSFQ Shift Register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2495.26 RSFQ Microprocessor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2535.27 RSFQ roadmap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2545.28 Principle of operation of an analog-to-digital converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2565.29 Analog-to-Digital Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2575.30 Semiconductor and Superconductor Comparators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2625.31 Incremental Quantizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2635.32 Flash-type ADC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2655.33 Counting-type ADC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2666.1 Weston cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2716.2 The metrological triangle for the electrical units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2736.3 IVC of an underdamped Josephson junction under microwave irradiation . . . . . . . . . 2756.4 International voltage comparison between 1920 and 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2766.5 One-Volt Josephson junction array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2776.6 Josephson series array embedded into microwave stripline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2786.7 Microwave design of Josephson voltage standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2796.8 Adjustment of Shapiro steps for a series array Josephson voltage standard . . . . . . . . 2816.9 IVC of overdamped Josephson junction with microwave irradiation . . . . . . . . . . . . 2826.10 Programmable Josephson voltage standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2837.1 Block diagram of a heterodyne receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2887.2 Ideal mixer as a switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2887.3 Current response of a heterodyne mixer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2897.4 IVCs and IF output power of SIS mixer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2907.5 Optimum noise temperature of a SIS quasiparticle mixer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2937.6 Measured DSB noise temperature of a SIS quasiparticle mixers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2947.7 High frequency coupling schemes for SIS mixers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2957.8 Principle of thermal detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3017.9 Operation principle of superconducting transition edge bolometer . . . . . . . . . . . . 3027.10 Sketch of a HTS bolometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3057.11 Specific detectivity of various bolometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3057.12 Relaxation processes in a superconductor after energy absorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3077.13 Antenna-coupled microbolometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3082005