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Applied Superconductivity - Walther Meißner Institut - Bayerische ...

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viii R. GROSS AND A. MARX CONTENTS9 Superconducting Quantum Bits 3399.1 Quantum Bits and Quantum Computers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3419.1.1 Quantum Bits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3419.1.2 Quantum Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3439.1.3 Quantum Error Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3469.1.4 What are the Problems? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3489.2 Implementation of Quantum Bits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3499.3 Why Superconducting Qubits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3529.3.1 Superconducting Island with Leads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352III Anhang 355A The Josephson Equations 357B Imaging of the Maximum Josephson Current Density 361C Numerical Iteration Method for the Calculation of the Josephson Current Distribution 363D Photon Noise 365I Power of Blackbody Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365II Noise Equivalent Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367E Qubits 369I What is a quantum bit ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369I.1 Single-Qubit Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369I.2 The spin-1/2 system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371I.3 Two-Qubit Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372II Entanglement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373III Qubit Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375III.1 Unitarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375III.2 Single Qubit Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375III.3 Two Qubit Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376IV Quantum Logic Gates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377IV.1 Single-Bit Gates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377IV.2 Two Bit Gates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379V The No-Cloning Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384VI Quantum Complexity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385VII The Density Matrix Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385© <strong>Walther</strong>-Meißner-<strong>Institut</strong>

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