innerâlondon schools 1918â44 a thematic study - English Heritage

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density rural and suburban areas, lower and looser forms of ‘horizontal planning’ hadearlier been pioneered by John Hutchings and George Widdows in Staffordshire andDerbyshire respectively. More permeable, well-lit and cross-ventilated buildings weremade possible through ‘single banking’, (ie. the practice of planning classrooms onone side of the corridor only) and the substitution of external verandas for internalcorridors. 8 Horizontally-planned schools could be composed of a number of singlestoreydepartments expressed in plan as wings radiating from a central axis, rangedaround a quadrangle, or split into a series of pavilions. 85% of English schools built from1924 to 1926 were single storey. 9 These two modes, horizontal and vertical planning,have a direct analogy in the gallery-access tenement blocks and cottage estates built bythe housing section of the LCC AD, where many of the architects of the Schools Divisionstarted their careers (see page 43).The preoccupation with environmental conditions in the classroom, set in train by thehealth reformists, considerably loosened up school planning, where space allowed. Thedesire for cross-ventilation and natural lighting led to shallower, more permeable plansand contributed to the gradual demise first of the deep plan of the board school, andlater of the formal, symmetrical plan. In a 1931 circular, the Board of Education advisedthat ‘the architect’s job is to open up as far as possible every part of the school buildingto the air and sun, to provide free cross ventilation, natural lighting and a suitabletemperature’. 10 The orientation of the plan, angling of wings at 30°, 45° or 60°, and thedistribution of glazed areas all attempted to track the path of the sun during the day,reflecting changing ideas about the lighting of classrooms.The butterfly plan and itsvariants presented one wayto ‘open up’ the school plan.Infirmaries and sanatoria(Fairfield isolation hospital,Bedfordshire of 1878, byGeorge Fowler Jones) andindeed schools (VittoriaPlace, L B Islington; SBL,1879) had made use ofthe plan long before it waspopularised in domesticarchitecture by the Arts andCrafts movement (the oftcitedexample being EdwardPrior’s the Barn, Exmouthof 1896-97). The GlebeElementary School, SouthNormanton, Derbyshireof 1911 (grade II) was ofdouble-butterfly or X-form; to The Builder itFig. 13: Infants’ Department of Athelney Road School, LB Lewisham(LCC AD, 1920-23), built to serve the Bellingham estate. The planis related to G.H. Widdow's Creswell Elementary School of 1911.(Reproduced from LCC 1920).was ‘reminiscent of a famous consumptive hospital’. 11 Designs of c.1920 for the LCCelementary schools for the Old Oak, Bellingham and Roehampton estates show non-© ENGLISH H ER I TAG E 43 - 20 0925
Fig. 14: The classroom pavilions at Wood Lane Open-air School, L B Hammersmith and Fulham.(L M A : SC /PHL /02/0432-5; City of London, London Metropolitan Archives).WCSNFUTURE REST &MEAL SHEDREST &MEALSHEDKITCHEN, STORES& STAFFROOMSPAVILION CLASSROOMSFig. 15: Separate-block planning at Wood Lane Open-air School (LCC AD; 1929). (Figure redrawn fromL M A /LCC /AR /SCH/133).orthogonal wings radiating from a central hall and administrative accommodation. TheLCC AD described them as ‘of a pavilion type, which approximates [...] to the lines of asanatorium’. 12© ENGLISH H ER I TAG E 43 - 20 0926
Page 2 and 3: Research Department Report Series 4
Page 11 and 12: The final part of the report proper
Page 13 and 14: would best be considered within the
Page 15 and 16: © ENGLISH H ER I TAG E 43 - 20 09
Page 17 and 18: IntroductionThe provision of school
Page 19 and 20: The augmentation of state nursery p
Page 21 and 22: central schools, either newly built
Page 23 and 24: Fig 8: Model of Impington, possibly
Page 25 and 26: single-storey brick buildings, redu
Page 27 and 28: 33 Board of Education 1931a, 58.34
Page 29 and 30: IntroductionFrom 1870 until 1990, t
Page 31: Fig. 12: SBL datestone from the Wes
Page 35 and 36: Fig. 18: Granton Road School, L B L
Page 37 and 38: considered no less important. Londo
Page 39 and 40: Fig. 22: Infants' Department of Ath
Page 41 and 42: module. 41 Stillman’s schools wer
Page 43 and 44: a spacious playground with retained
Page 45 and 46: collegiate air of a preparatory sch
Page 47 and 48: Fig 32: Junior school classrooms at
Page 49 and 50: emain a “book-learnt” conceptio
Page 51 and 52: Fig 36: Herbert Francis Thomas Coop
Page 53 and 54: contemporaries, with their widely s
Page 55 and 56: Endnotes1 On the abolition of the L
Page 57 and 58: 60 Board of Education 1938.61 Saler
Page 59 and 60: The nursery schoolCase studies:•
Page 61 and 62: designs, the second of 1937 with Ma
Page 63 and 64: Fig. 52: Webb Street School elevati
Page 65 and 66: Fig. 55: North Hammersmith Central
Page 67 and 68: The secondary schoolCase studies:
Page 69 and 70: Fig 59: Maze Hill elevation to the
Page 71 and 72: admired ‘more than any other arch
Page 73 and 74: grants in the form of building subs
Page 75 and 76: accommodated 440 junior children in
Page 77 and 78: The open-air schoolCase studies:•
Page 79 and 80: three open-air schools opened by th
Page 81 and 82: Fig 71: The buildings of the Geere
Page 83 and 84:
As Frederick Rose predicted in 1908
Page 85 and 86:
L B Wandsworth, by providing ‘roo
Page 87 and 88:
LAN ANCE SURVEY PLANwithout mainten
Page 89 and 90:
Endnotes1 LCC minutes 17.7.1928, p.
Page 91 and 92:
44 Catholic Hall, Appleton Road, El
Page 93 and 94:
© ENGLISH H ER I TAG E 43 - 20 098
Page 95 and 96:
Board of Education 1923 The differe
Page 97 and 98:
English Heritage 1993 General princ
Page 99 and 100:
Morrison, K. 1999 The workhouse: a
Page 101 and 102:
Whitbread N. 1972 The evolution of
Page 103 and 104:
Appendix 1: Gazetteer of extant pur
Page 105 and 106:
Original name Present Name & Addres
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
The S towag e pl anPeckham Park, 18
Page 113 and 114:
The en d hall pl anUpper North Stre
Page 115 and 116:
The b u t ter fly pl anAthelney Str
Page 117 and 118:
• Separate-block planning refers
Page 119 and 120:
Appendix 5: Glossary of school type
Page 121 and 122:
increasing popular after the 1926 a
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innerâlondon schools 1918â44 a thematic study - English Heritage