UTF-8__0415396417Translation

KEY CONCEPTSof meaning’ (Chaume 2004: 16). Films, plays, opera, video games and hypertextsare examples of audiovisual products that are intended to be both seenand heard at the same time by end users. What is particular about audiovisualtranslation is that the verbal component will tend to be highly dependenton the visuals, and while the translator operates on the verbal level alone,the translational process will be frequently constrained by the visual code.Dubbing, voice-over and subtitling are the most common modalities adoptedin audiovisual translation. (DC)FURTHER READING: Chaume (2004); Chiaro (Chapter 9, this volume); DíazCintas and Remael (2007).BACK TRANSLATIONIn its contrastive linguistics sense, it is a translation that sets out to demonstratethe morphological, lexical and syntactic structure of an example, forinstance the Spanish no lo he visto by the English no it have-I seen. (JM)BILATERAL INTERPRETING, SEE LIAISON INTERPRETINGBORROWINGBorrowing is the first of Vinay and Darbelnet’s translation procedures, a formof direct translation which they describe as ‘the simplest of all translationmethods’ (1958/1995: 31). The procedure involves the transference of theST word into the TT, e.g. tequila or tortilla from Mexican Spanish or the useof DVD, CD-ROM, etc. in information technology internationally. This mayeither be to fill a lacuna or to exoticize the TT. As Vinay and Darbelnet pointout (ibid.), some borrowings establish themselves so well that they becomeaccepted TL terms: menu, chic, enfant terrible, etc., in English. (JM)FURTHER READING: Baker (1992); Vinay and Darbelnet (1958/1995, 1958/2004).BRIEFThe instructions that are given to the translator by the commissioner andwhich guide the translator’s understanding of the purpose and function ofthe TT. (JM)FURTHER READING: Nord (1997, 1988/2001/2005).CALQUEVinay and Darbelnet’s second translation procedure, defined as ‘a specialkind of borrowing whereby a language borrows an expression from another,but then translates literally each of its elements’ (1958/1995: 32). This may170