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KEY CONCEPTSphilosopher Paul Grice (e.g. 1975); rather than elaborating rules for successfulcommunication, he preferred to concentrate on where, how and why thesmooth ongoingness of interaction is intentionally thwarted. Disturbanceof cooperativeness can be a case of lack of knowledge (breaking the rule),failure on the part of a speaker to secure the hearer’s ‘uptake’ or acceptance(a case of violation of the rule) or, more significantly, disobeying the rules in amotivated, deliberate manner. This ‘flouting’ of the ‘cooperative principle’may be achieved through deviating from total adherence to any one offour maxims: quantity (be succinct), quality (do not tell falsehoods), relevance,manner (be communicatively orderly). Underlying these maximsis, of course, the assumption that participants normally pursue their goalsin communication in accordance with such ‘default’ conventions. However,deviations do occur and the floutings are interpreted in terms of the ‘goodreason’ principle which helps participants make sense via the notion of‘implicature’ of what is being implied and not stated. This has provenextremely helpful to practising translators and interpreters. In purely receptiveterms, appreciation of implied meaning facilitates comprehension, whichwould otherwise be blurred. In terms of re-producing the message in theTL, on the other hand, the meanings which are implied and not statedcould be the last court of appeal in assessing adequate equivalence. Thislast point is particularly relevant in working with languages which are bothculturally and linguistically remote one from the other, and where differentpragmatic means may have to be selected to achieve a given ultimateeffect. (BH)FURTHER READING: Baker (1992); Grice (1975); Hatim and Mason (1997).INCLUSIONThe term inclusion (sometimes known as ‘accessibility’) refers to the provisionof audiovisual products such as plays, opera, films, TV programmes andvideogames that can be consumed and enjoyed by all members of the public,including those who are in some way physically challenged. Thus, inclusionpromotes intra lingual translations for the Deaf and hard of hearing as wellas audio-descriptions for the Blind and the visually challenged.Technically speaking, access to audiovisual products for hearing impairedviewers can occur either with the aid of sign-language interpreting, or elsethrough subtitles. Television news programmes, for example, can be translatedinto sign language by an interpreter who appears in a corner of the screen,while for plays and opera, the interpreter stands in one of the front cornersof the stage. Subtitles for the Deaf and hard of hearing are accessible on TVacross Europe via individual Teletext services. They differ from mainstreamsubtitles as they contain added information regarding music and sound effects.(See also Audio description). (DC)198