UTF-8__0415396417Translation

KEY CONCEPTSresult in (1) a ‘lexical calque’, where the syntactic structure of the TL isrespected in the new coinage (e.g. Spanish disco duro for English hard diskor cambio climático for climate change) or (2) a ‘structural calque’ where thesource structure is imported into the TL. In either case, calque differs fromliteral translation because it involves the importation of a new expression orconstruction into the TL, although these may over time become fixed (e.g.French thérapie occupationnelle for English occupational therapy). (JM)FURTHER READING: Vinay and Darbelnet (1958/1995, 1958/2004).CANNIBALISMA movement in postcolonial translation studies in Brazil starting in the 1980sand 1990s. It drew on the metaphor of cannibalism in the 1928 manifesto ofOswald de Andrade (1890–1954) and the prominent work of the poet andtranslator Haroldo de Campos (1929–2003) to cast the assimilation of the foreignthrough translation as a form of nourishment for postcolonial Brazilianculture and as a means of subverting the colonialist cultural influences ofEurope. (JM)FURTHER READING: Vieira (1999).COGNITION AND TRANSLATIONTranslation, in all its modalities, is a cognitive activity that requires the unfoldingof a mental process (the translation process) and the existence of aspecific competence (translation competence). Translation has been studiedwithin cognitive approaches to translation from different perspectives,focusing on the translation process, ontranslation competence and on itsacquisition. Studies draw on other disciplines, such as cognitive psychology,expertise studies, neurophysiology and cognitive science. In the field of translationstudies, empirical-experimental research has been carried out mostlyon translation as a cognitive activity. (AHA and FA).FURTHER READING: Bell (1991); Gutt (1991, 2000); Hurtado Albir andAlves (Chapter 4, this volume); Kiraly (1995); Lederer (1981, 1994/2003);Seleskovitch (1968, 1975); Seleskovitch and Lederer (1984).COHERENCECoherence refers to the accessibility, relevance and logic of the concepts andrelations underlying the surface texture of a text. It is thus a psychologicalconcept, but to some extent it is produced by and depends on the textualcohesion of the text. See also Fidelity 3. (JM)FURTHER READING: Beaugrande and Dressler (1981); Blum-Kulka (1986/2004).171