UTF-8__0415396417Translation

KEY CONCEPTSinterpreting and by Marianne Lederer to the process of simultaneousinterpreting among others. (FP)FURTHER READING: Israël and Lederer (2005); Lederer (1994); Seleskovitchand Lederer (1984/2001); Seleskovitch and Lederer (1989). See also HurtadoAlbir and Alves (Chapter 4, this volume); Pöchhacker (Chapter 8, this volume).INTERSEMIOTIC TRANSLATIONJakobson’s (1959/2004: 139) third type of translation, also known as ‘transmutation’,‘an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of non-verbalsign systems’. Typical examples would be a film version of a novel, or anadvertisement that represents in images a concept elsewhere represented bythe written word. (JM)FURTHER READING: Oittinen and Kaindl (2008); Susam-Sarajeva (2008).INTRALINGUAL TRANSLATIONJakobson’s (1959/2004: 139) first type of translation, also known as ‘rewording’,‘an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the samelanguage’. In some cases this may be similar to paraphrase 2; in others it mayrefer to a rewriting for another SL audience, e.g. a children’s version of aclassic text. (JM)INVARIANCEA term for that which stays constant when an SL text undergoes translation,e.g. the ST content, the ST meaning, the function of the ST, its textual characteristics,and so on. The transformation brought about by the process oftranslation can be described on the basis of the changes, i.e. shifts, that occur.Invariants and shifts are hence interrelated inasmuch as the description of oneconditions the description of the other. In the relevant literature, invariance islooked at in two ways: (1) it is seen as a requirement before translation, or (2) itis a concept that becomes relevant after translation. In the first case, invariancecorresponds to the tertium comparationis, against which texts can be measuredto judge variation. In the second case, invariance additionally serves as ameans of describing translations which have already been carried out. (BB)FURTHER READING: Bassnett (1980/2002); Catford (1965); Munday (2001/2008); Popovič (1970, 1976); Steiner (1975/1998); Toury (1980, 1995).INVERSE TRANSLATIONA term used in some languages to refer to translation into the foreign language,e.g. French–English translation taught to French university students. (JM)FURTHER READING: Campbell (1998); Pokorn (2005).201