UTF-8__0415396417Translation

KEY CONCEPTSPARALLEL TEXT1. A text in the TL from the same domain as the ST. Such texts assist the translatorin finding equivalents for technical terminology, typical rhetoricalstructures, etc.2. A TT of an ST (or vice-versa) that may be compared with the ST to discoverthe translation procedures and translation strategy adopted. Electroniccollections of such texts may be aligned to form translation memory systemsfor translators or parallel corpora to assist descriptive research. (JM)PARAPHRASE1. A term in translation studies, which goes back to Dryden (1680/1992), foran expanded TT version of an ST lexical unit, written in the translator’s ownwords in order to reproduce the ST author’s meaning as closely as possible.In this type of translation, adhering to the ST author’s original words issecondary to reproducing the intended ST meaning. For example, termswhich designate culture-specific or highly complex technical or scientifcconcepts may have to be rendered using paraphrases. Thus, depending onthe TT text type and readership, an ST abbreviation such as NSF may needto rendered with the help of a paraphrase explaining what it is and does:e.g. ‘the US National Science Foundation (NSF), a major funding body forscience and engineering’.2. In linguistics, a form of rewording of an ST, ‘intralingual translation’,in Jakobson’s (1959/2004) terms, which is an alternative version of atext segment without an obvious change in its referential meaning. Forexample, the sentence The cat killed the bird can be paraphrased into Thebird was killed by the cat or into it was the cat which killed the bird, andso on. (BB)FURTHER READING: Baker (1992); Bassnett (1980/2002); Dryden (1680/1992);Newmark (1981, 1991); Robinson (1998d); Steiner (1998).PARATEXTParatexts are material additional to a text which comment on, evaluate or otherwiseframe it. Genette (1997) describes two kinds of paratext: the ‘peritext’,which accompanies the text (e.g. foreword, translator’s preface, list of contents,acknowledgements, glossary, footnotes, index, cover) and the ‘epitext’,which appears elsewhere (e.g. publicity material, reviews, critical studies).The importance of paratextual features lies in the evaluation they bring tothe text and in their role of guiding the reception of the text by the reader.Thus, Baker (2006) describes how ideological shifts may occur in translationby the use of paratexts such as newspaper headlines and summaries added toa TT that has been otherwise closely translated lexically; Venuti (1995/2008)214