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Fishery and Sea Resourcestion of the best natural diets, such as diatom/benthicalgae and biofilms substratesable to induce metamorphosis and promotejuvenile growth. The whole process,from the fertilization of gametes to juveniles(10mm test diameter) lasted about 5-6 months. The pilot project for the productionof a few thousands of sea urchinjuveniles ended with their release at sea,along the coast near Palermo, in a legallyrecognised farming area. Since 2007, abrochure describing the “Protocol for optimalproduction of larvae and juvenilesof the Mediterranean sea urchin speciesParacentrotus lividus” has been posted atthe Technological Transfers Section of theAgroFood area of application, within thewebsite of the CNR Life Science Department(http://life.cnr.it).6 ConclusionsTaken all together, results described so farencourage the use of echinoderm adult immunecells and embryos for ecotoxicologicalstudies and development of biomarkers.The biological models used will be instrumentalfor future comparative genomicand proteomic approaches and may introducenew emerging technologies to be usedin protection and remediation countermeasuresof sea waters. Studies are currentlyunderway on these topics in our laboratory.References[1] B.S. Halpern, S. Walbridge, K.A. Selkoe, and C.V. Kappel et al. A global map ofhuman impact on marine ecosystems. Science, 319:948–952, 2008.[2] M.N Moore, M.H. Depledge, J.W. Readman, and D.R. Paul Leonard. An integratedbiomarker-based strategy for ecotoxicological evaluation of risk in environmentalmanagement. Mutat. Res, 552:247–268, 2004.[3] G. Radenac, D. Fichet, and P. Miramand. Bioaccumulation and toxicity of fourdissolved metals in Paracentrotus lividus sea-urchin embryo. Mar. Environm. Res.,51:151–166, 2001.[4] R. Russo, R. Bonaventura, F. Zito, H.C. Schroder, I. Muller, W.G.E. Muller, andV. Matranga. Stress to cadmium monitored by metallothionein gene induction inParacentrotus lividus embryos. Cell Stress Chaperones, 8:232–241, 2003.[5] M.C. Roccheri, M. Agnello, R. Bonaventura, and V. Matranga. Cadmium inducesthe expression of specific stress proteins in sea urchin embryos. Biochem. Biophys.Res. Commun., 321:80–87, 2004.[6] S. Filosto, M.C. Roccheri, R. Bonaventura, and V. Matranga. Environmentallyrelevant cadmium concentrations affect development and induce apoptosis of Paracentrotuslividus larvae cultured in vitro. Cell Biol. Toxicol., 24:603–610, 2008.[7] C. Oweson, H. Sköld, A. Pinsino, V. Matranga, and B. Hernroth. Manganese effectson haematopoietic cells and circulating coelomocytes of Asterias rubens (Linnaeus).Aquat. Toxicol., 89:75–81, 2008.1976