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Nation-Building and Contested Identities: Romanian & Hungarian ...

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The Intellectual Horizons of Liberal <strong>Nation</strong>alism in Hungarygolden age of his nation in the recent past, the Reform Era. Given histraining, he might have become an ultramontanist. Instead, he advocatedreligious tolerance <strong>and</strong> the separation of church <strong>and</strong> state. Transmittingthe heritage of the Enlightenment, he was more interested in contract theoriesthan finding his nation’s romantic mission. His historiographical perspectivewas pragmatic <strong>and</strong> reflected the very essence of <strong>Hungarian</strong> liberalism,characterized by the politico-historical credo that the direction ofdevelopment is towards the achievement of bourgeois status. Like hismasters, the Aufklärers, he equated the rise of Bürgertum with the destructionof the feudal system. Stressing the importance of industry <strong>and</strong> trade,he not only offered a novel approach to historical writing, but also advocateda program for the present. Concentrating on the history of theunprivileged classes, Horváth absorbed theoretical liberalism into hisresearch <strong>and</strong> remained faithful to these liberal ideals throughout his life.NOTES1Mihály Horváth, Magyarország története (The history of Hungary) second edition,vol. VIII. p. 538, cited by Sándor Márki, Horváth Mihály (Budapest:Magyar Történelmi Társulat, 1917), p. 6.2Mihály Horváth, “Párhuzam az Európába költözködõ magyar nemzet s az akkoriEurópa polgári és erkölcsi mûveltsége között” (Parallel between the civil <strong>and</strong>moral state of the <strong>Hungarian</strong> nation moving to Europe <strong>and</strong> that of Europe inthose times) (1835), in Horváth Mihály kisebb munkái (The smaller writings ofMihály Horváth), 4 vols. (Pest: 1886), cited by Ágnes R.Várkonyi, Pozitivistaszemlélet a magyar történetírásban (Positivist approach in <strong>Hungarian</strong> historiography),vol. II (Budapest: Akadémiai, 1973), p. 99.3Horváth, “Párhuzam az Európába költözködõ magyar nemzet s az akkoriEurópa polgári és erkölcsi mûveltsége között,” p. 57.4Horváth, “Párhuzam az Európába költözködõ magyar nemzet s az akkoriEurópa polgári és erkölcsi mûveltsége között,” p. 115.5Horváth, “Párhuzam az Európába költözködõ magyar nemzet s az akkoriEurópa polgári és erkölcsi mûveltsége között,” p. 113.6Horváth, “Párhuzam az Európába költözködõ magyar nemzet s az akkoriEurópa polgári és erkölcsi mûveltsége között,” p.125.7Henry Elmer Barnes, A History of Historical Writing, rev. ed. (New York: DoverPublications, 1963), pp. 166-167.8Karen O’Brien, Narratives of Enlightenment: Cosmopolitan History fromVoltaire to Gibbon (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 11.9Hans Peter Reill, The German Enlightenment <strong>and</strong> the Rise of Historicism(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975), p. 142.10 Mihály Horváth, “Az országtani theóriák eredete, kifejlése és befolyása azújabb Európában, Heeren után” (The origins, development <strong>and</strong> influence of39

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