The Ethics of Aristotle - Penn State Hazleton

More documents

Recommendations

Info

The Ethics of Aristotlethe greater part that by which it exceeds the half, and addsthis on to the less. And when the whole is divided into twoexactly equal portions then men say they have their own,when they have gotten the equal; and the equal is a meanbetween the greater and the less according to arithmeticalequality.This, by the way, accounts for the etymology of the termby which we in Greek express the ideas of Just and Judge;([Greek: dikaion] quasi [Greek: dichaion], that is in two parts,and [Greek: dikastaes] quasi [Greek: dichastaes], he who dividesinto two parts). For when from one of two equal magnitudessomewhat has been taken and added to the other,this latter exceeds the former by twice that portion: if it hadbeen merely taken from the former and not added to thelatter, then the latter would [Sidenote:1132b] have exceededthe former only by that one portion; but in the other case,the greater exceeds the mean by one, and the mean exceedsalso by one that magnitude from which the portion was taken.By this illustration, then, we obtain a rule to determine whatone ought to take from him who has the greater, and what toadd to him who has the less. The excess of the mean over theless must be added to the less, and the excess of the greaterover the mean be taken from the greater.Thus let there be three straight lines equal to one another.From one of them cut off a portion, and add as much toanother of them. The whole line thus made will exceed theremainder of the first-named line, by twice the portion added,and will exceed the untouched line by that portion. Andthese terms loss and gain are derived from voluntary exchange:that is to say, the having more than what was one’s own iscalled gaining, and the having less than one’s original stockis called losing; for instance, in buying or selling, or any othertransactions which are guaranteed by law: but when the resultis neither more nor less, but exactly the same as therewas originally, people say they have their own, and neitherlose nor gain.So then the Just we have been speaking of is a mean betweenloss and gain arising in involuntary transactions; thatis, it is the having the same after the transaction as one hadbefore it took place.[Sidenote: V] There are people who have a notion thatReciprocation is simply just, as the Pythagoreans said: for114
The Ethics of Aristotlethey defined the Just simply and without qualification as“That which reciprocates with another.” But this simple Reciprocationwill not fit on either to the Distributive Just, orthe Corrective (and yet this is the interpretation they put onthe Rhadamanthian rule of Just, If a man should suffer whathe hath done, then there would be straightforward justice”),for in many cases differences arise: as, for instance, supposeone in authority has struck a man, he is not to be struck inturn; or if a man has struck one in authority, he must notonly be struck but punished also. And again, the voluntarinessor involuntariness of actions makes a great difference.[Sidenote: II33a] But in dealings of exchange such a principleof Justice as this Reciprocation forms the bond of union,but then it must be Reciprocation according to proportionand not exact equality, because by proportionate reciprocityof action the social community is held together, For eitherReciprocation of evil is meant, and if this be not allowed it isthought to be a servile condition of things: or else Reciprocationof good, and if this be not effected then there is noadmission to participation which is the very bond of theirunion.And this is the moral of placing the Temple of the Graces([Greek: charites]) in the public streets; to impress the notionthat there may be requital, this being peculiar to [Greek:charis] because a man ought to requite with a good turn theman who has done him a favour and then to become himselfthe originator of another [Greek: charis], by doing him afavour.Now the acts of mutual giving in due proportion may berepresented by the diameters of a parallelogram, at the fourangles of which the parties and their wares are so placed thatthe side connecting the parties be opposite to that connectingthe wares, and each party be connected by one side withhis own ware, as in the accompanying diagram.The builder is to receive from the shoemaker of his ware,and to give him of his own: if then there be first proportionateequality, and then the Reciprocation takes place, therewill be the just result which we are speaking of: if not, thereis not the equal, nor will the connection stand: for there isno reason why the ware of the one may not be better thanthat of the other, and therefore before the exchange is madethey must have been equalised. And this is so also in the115
Page 2 and 3:
Informe de Yerba Mate Nº 02 | [12/
Page 5 and 6:
The Ethics of Aristotlesure the obj
Page 7 and 8:
The Ethics of Aristotleof conduct t
Page 9 and 10:
The Ethics of Aristotleing,” “m
Page 11 and 12:
The Ethics of AristotleThe agent ac
Page 13 and 14:
The Ethics of Aristotleing, thinkin
Page 15 and 16:
The Ethics of Aristotleformed by di
Page 17 and 18:
The Ethics of Aristotlevalue?” Pl
Page 19 and 20:
The Ethics of Aristotleeducating hi
Page 21 and 22:
ARISTOTLE’S ETHICSBOOK IEvery art
Page 23 and 24:
The Ethics of Aristotlemuch the sam
Page 25 and 26:
The Ethics of Aristotlebecause many
Page 27:
The Ethics of AristotleBut of these
Page 31 and 32:
The Ethics of AristotleAnd we must
Page 33 and 34:
The Ethics of Aristotleerally the t
Page 35 and 36:
The Ethics of Aristotlemost prosper
Page 37 and 38:
The Ethics of Aristotlesensible bea
Page 39 and 40:
The Ethics of Aristotlebut of men a
Page 41 and 42:
The Ethics of Aristotleand fails, w
Page 43 and 44:
The Ethics of AristotleAgain, every
Page 45 and 46:
The Ethics of Aristotleonly do we b
Page 47 and 48:
The Ethics of Aristotleonly produce
Page 49 and 50:
The Ethics of Aristotlethe excellen
Page 51 and 52:
The Ethics of Aristotleselves bad,
Page 53 and 54:
The Ethics of Aristotlevirtues afte
Page 55 and 56:
The Ethics of Aristotlether from th
Page 57 and 58:
The Ethics of Aristotleis right, be
Page 59 and 60:
The Ethics of Aristotletions requir
Page 61 and 62:
The Ethics of AristotleNow since al
Page 63 and 64: The Ethics of AristotleFurther, Mor
Page 65 and 66: The Ethics of Aristotlean impossibi
Page 67 and 68: The Ethics of Aristotlediscreditabl
Page 69 and 70: The Ethics of Aristotleover this im
Page 71 and 72: The Ethics of Aristotlecircumstance
Page 73 and 74: The Ethics of Aristotlehis line and
Page 75 and 76: The Ethics of Aristotlethe term Cou
Page 77 and 78: The Ethics of AristotleIf then we m
Page 79 and 80: The Ethics of AristotleBut men scar
Page 81 and 82: The Ethics of Aristotlerather disli
Page 83 and 84: The Ethics of AristotleBOOK IVIt mu
Page 85 and 86: The Ethics of AristotleAgain, it is
Page 87 and 88: The Ethics of Aristotlethat of rece
Page 89 and 90: The Ethics of Aristotlerelative to
Page 91 and 92: The Ethics of Aristotleany case wha
Page 93 and 94: The Ethics of Aristotleobject in vi
Page 95 and 96: The Ethics of Aristotleof humble st
Page 97 and 98: The Ethics of Aristotlea term of co
Page 99 and 100: The Ethics of Aristotleright or is
Page 101 and 102: The Ethics of AristotleVIIThe mean
Page 103 and 104: The Ethics of Aristotlerefinement.
Page 105 and 106: The Ethics of Aristotleto youth: we
Page 107 and 108: The Ethics of Aristotleinstrument w
Page 109 and 110: The Ethics of AristotleIIBut the ob
Page 111 and 112: The Ethics of Aristotlebecause the
Page 113: The Ethics of Aristotlethe division
Page 117 and 118: The Ethics of Aristotlemand, as bei
Page 119 and 120: The Ethics of AristotleIt follows t
Page 121 and 122: The Ethics of Aristotlebeen embodie
Page 123 and 124: The Ethics of Aristotlecaused his w
Page 125 and 126: The Ethics of Aristotlearmour worth
Page 127 and 128: The Ethics of Aristotlewho cannot h
Page 129 and 130: The Ethics of Aristotlethat is a ce
Page 131 and 132: The Ethics of Aristotlebody, he wer
Page 133 and 134: The Ethics of AristotleSo Art, as h
Page 135 and 136: The Ethics of Aristotlebecause the
Page 137 and 138: The Ethics of Aristotlethe knowledg
Page 139 and 140: The Ethics of Aristotleinquiring an
Page 141 and 142: The Ethics of AristotleA proof of w
Page 143 and 144: The Ethics of Aristotle[Sidenote:11
Page 145 and 146: The Ethics of Aristotlein saying th
Page 147 and 148: The Ethics of Aristotlethem for kno
Page 149 and 150: The Ethics of AristotleI. That Self
Page 151 and 152: The Ethics of Aristotlewrong, it wo
Page 153 and 154: The Ethics of Aristotleit is urged
Page 155 and 156: The Ethics of Aristotleunder the in
Page 157 and 158: The Ethics of Aristotleand such as
Page 159 and 160: The Ethics of Aristotleperfection o
Page 161 and 162: The Ethics of Aristotlean inanimate
Page 163 and 164: The Ethics of AristotleMoreover of
Page 165 and 166:
The Ethics of Aristotleand moral ch
Page 167 and 168:
The Ethics of AristotleNor is the m
Page 169 and 170:
The Ethics of Aristotlean End.This
Page 171 and 172:
The Ethics of Aristotledom aims at.
Page 173 and 174:
The Ethics of Aristotlein this way
Page 175 and 176:
The Ethics of AristotleBOOK VIIIthe
Page 177 and 178:
The Ethics of Aristotlegood or plea
Page 179 and 180:
The Ethics of Aristotleobject and s
Page 181 and 182:
The Ethics of Aristotlebad men may
Page 183 and 184:
The Ethics of AristotleAnd the good
Page 185 and 186:
The Ethics of AristotleVIIBut there
Page 187 and 188:
The Ethics of Aristotleby the delig
Page 189 and 190:
The Ethics of Aristotleresult from
Page 191 and 192:
The Ethics of Aristotleship comes t
Page 193 and 194:
The Ethics of Aristotleing, but the
Page 195 and 196:
The Ethics of Aristotleof the other
Page 197 and 198:
The Ethics of AristotleIn Friendshi
Page 199 and 200:
The Ethics of AristotleBOOK IXrespe
Page 201 and 202:
The Ethics of Aristotleanother he m
Page 203 and 204:
The Ethics of Aristotleand all simi
Page 205 and 206:
The Ethics of AristotleIV[Sidenote:
Page 207 and 208:
The Ethics of AristotleNeither, in
Page 209 and 210:
The Ethics of Aristotleit what it m
Page 211 and 212:
The Ethics of AristotleSo then, ent
Page 213 and 214:
The Ethics of Aristotleone another
Page 215 and 216:
The Ethics of Aristotlelike a mere
Page 217 and 218:
The Ethics of Aristotlemany acquain
Page 219 and 220:
The Ethics of Aristotleif he is gif
Page 221 and 222:
The Ethics of AristotleBOOK Xthey m
Page 223 and 224:
The Ethics of Aristotledependable:
Page 225 and 226:
The Ethics of Aristotlesweet, or bi
Page 227 and 228:
The Ethics of Aristotlekind of “w
Page 229 and 230:
The Ethics of Aristotlecians who ta
Page 231 and 232:
The Ethics of AristotleNow in all s
Page 233 and 234:
The Ethics of Aristotlethought to b
Page 235 and 236:
The Ethics of Aristotlethought to e
Page 237 and 238:
The Ethics of Aristotlelative philo
Page 239 and 240:
The Ethics of Aristotlethe Gods, an
Page 241 and 242:
The Ethics of Aristotlemean, either
Page 243 and 244:
The Ethics of Aristotlether write n
Page 245 and 246:
The Ethics of Aristotlefield. Greek
Page 247 and 248:
The Ethics of Aristotlein habits, e
Page 249 and 250:
The Ethics of Aristotlethat externa
Page 251 and 252:
The Ethics of Aristotle[Greek: akol
Page 253 and 254:
The Ethics of AristotleP. 36, l. 3.
Page 255 and 256:
The Ethics of Aristotlewhich of rig
Page 257 and 258:
The Ethics of Aristotleing at or af
Page 259 and 260:
The Ethics of Aristotlehas two sens
Page 261 and 262:
The Ethics of Aristotlecommerce all
Page 263 and 264:
The Ethics of Aristotlejured but to
Page 265 and 266:
The Ethics of Aristotlea branch of
Page 267 and 268:
The Ethics of Aristotleexist indepe
Page 269 and 270:
The Ethics of AristotleP. 143,1 27.
Page 271 and 272:
The Ethics of AristotleP. 147, l. 1
Page 273 and 274:
The Ethics of AristotleP. 165, l. 4
Page 275 and 276:
The Ethics of Aristotlekai ta loipa
Page 277:
The Ethics of Aristotlea happy aggr
show all

The Ethics of Aristotle - Penn State Hazleton

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?