The Ethics of Aristotle - Penn State Hazleton

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The Ethics of AristotleWisdom:” for what it does preserve is the Notion I havementioned, i.e. of one’s own true interest, For it is not everykind of Notion which the pleasant and the painful corruptand pervert, as, for instance, that “the three angles of everyrectilineal triangle are equal to two right angles,” but onlythose bearing on moral action.For the Principles of the matters of moral action are thefinal cause of them: now to the man who has been corruptedby reason of pleasure or pain the Principle immediately becomesobscured, nor does he see that it is his duty to chooseand act in each instance with a view to this final cause andby reason of it: for viciousness has a tendency to destroy themoral Principle: and so Practical Wisdom must be “a stateconjoined with reason, true, having human good for its object,and apt to do.”Then again Art admits of degrees of excellence, but PracticalWisdom does not: and in Art he who goes wrong purposelyis preferable to him who does so unwittingly, but notso in respect of Practical Wisdom or the other Virtues. Itplainly is then an Excellence of a certain kind, and not anArt.Now as there are two parts of the Soul which have Reason,it must be the Excellence of the Opinionative [which wecalled before calculative or deliberative], because both Opinionand Practical Wisdom are exercised upon Contingentmatter. And further, it is not simply a state conjoined withReason, as is proved by the fact that such a state may beforgotten and so lost while Practical Wisdom cannot.VINow Knowledge is a conception concerning universals andNecessary matter, and there are of course certain First Principlesin all trains of demonstrative reasoning (that is of allKnowledge because this is connected with reasoning): thatfaculty, then, which takes in the first principles of that whichcomes under the range of Knowledge, cannot be eitherKnowledge, or Art, or Practical Wisdom: not Knowledge,because what is the object of Knowledge must be derivedfrom demonstrative reasoning; not either of the other two,because they are exercised upon Contingent matter only.[Sidenote: 1141a] Nor can it be Science which takes in these,134
The Ethics of Aristotlebecause the Scientific Man must in some cases depend ondemonstrative Reasoning.It comes then to this: since the faculties whereby we alwaysattain truth and are never deceived when dealing with matterNecessary or even Contingent are Knowledge, Practical Wisdom,Science, and Intuition, and the faculty which takes inFirst Principles cannot be any of the three first; the last, namelyIntuition, must be it which performs this function.VIIScience is a term we use principally in two meanings: in thefirst place, in the Arts we ascribe it to those who carry theirarts to the highest accuracy; Phidias, for instance, we call aScientific or cunning sculptor; Polycleitus a Scientific or cunningstatuary; meaning, in this instance, nothing else by Sciencethan an excellence of art: in the other sense, we thinksome to be Scientific in a general way, not in any particularline or in any particular thing, just as Homer says of a manin his Margites; “Him the Gods made neither a digger of theground, nor ploughman, nor in any other way Scientific.”So it is plain that Science must mean the most accurate ofall Knowledge; but if so, then the Scientific man must notmerely know the deductions from the First Principles but bein possession of truth respecting the First Principles. So thatScience must be equivalent to Intuition and Knowledge; itis, so to speak, Knowledge of the most precious objects, witha head on.I say of the most precious things, because it is absurd tosuppose [Greek: politikae], or Practical Wisdom, to be thehighest, unless it can be shown that Man is the most excellentof all that exists in the Universe. Now if “healthy” and “good”are relative terms, differing when applied to men or to fish,but “white” and “straight” are the same always, men must allowthat the Scientific is the same always, but the PracticallyWise varies: for whatever provides all things well for itself, tothis they would apply the term Practically Wise, and committhese matters to it; which is the reason, by the way, that theycall some brutes Practically Wise, such that is as plainly have afaculty of forethought respecting their own subsistence.And it is quite plain that Science and [Greek: politikae]cannot be identical: because if men give the name of Science135
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