The Ethics of Aristotle - Penn State Hazleton

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The Ethics of Aristotleform: in Despotism there is little or no Friendship. For generallywherever the ruler and the ruled have nothing in commonthere is no Friendship because there is no Justice; butthe case is as between an artisan and his tool, or betweensoul and body, and master and slave; all these are benefitedby those who use them, but towards things inanimate thereis neither Friendship nor Justice: nor even towards a horse oran ox, or a slave quâ slave, because there is nothing in common:a slave as such is an animate tool, a tool an inanimateslave. Quâ slave, then, there is no Friendship towards him,only quâ man: for it is thought that there is some principleof Justice between every man, and every other who can sharein law and be a party to an agreement; and so somewhat ofFriendship, in so far as he is man. So in Despotisms theFriendships and the principle of Justice are inconsiderable inextent, but in Democracies they are most considerable becausethey who are equal have much in common.XIINow of course all Friendship is based upon Communion, ashas been already stated: but one would be inclined to separateoff from the rest the Friendship of Kindred, and that ofCompanions: whereas those of men of the same city, or tribe,or crew, and all such, are more peculiarly, it would seem,based upon Communion, inasmuch as they plainly exist inright of some agreement expressed or implied: among theseone may rank also the Friendship of Hospitality,The Friendship of Kindred is likewise of many kinds, andappears in all its varieties to depend on the Parental: parents,I mean, love their children as being a part of themselves,children love their parents as being themselves somewhatderived from them. But parents know their offspring morethan these know that they are from the parents, and the sourceis more closely bound to that which is produced than thatwhich is produced is to that which formed it: of course,whatever is derived from one’s self is proper to that fromwhich it is so derived (as, for instance, a tooth or a hair, orany other thing whatever to him that has it): but the sourceto it is in no degree proper, or in an inferior degree at least.Then again the greater length of time comes in: the parentslove their offspring from the first moment of their be-192
The Ethics of Aristotleing, but their offspring them only after a lapse of time whenthey have attained intelligence or instinct. These considerationsserve also to show why mothers have greater strengthof affection than fathers.Now parents love their children as themselves (since whatis derived from themselves becomes a kind of other Self bythe fact of separation), but children their parents as beingsprung from them. And brothers love one another from beingsprung from the same; that is, their sameness with thecommon stock creates a sameness with one another; whencecome the phrases, “same blood,” “root,” and so on. In factthey are the same, in a sense, even in the separate distinctindividuals.Then again the being brought up together, and the nearnessof age, are a great help towards Friendship, for a man likes oneof his own age and persons who are used to one another arecompanions, which accounts for the resemblance between theFriendship of Brothers and that of Companions.[Sidenote:1162a] And cousins and all other relatives derivetheir bond of union from these, that is to say, from theircommunity of origin: and the strength of this bond variesaccording to their respective distances from the common ancestor.Further: the Friendship felt by children towards parents,and by men towards the gods, is as towards something goodand above them; because these have conferred the greatestpossible benefits, in that they are the causes of their beingand being nourished, and of their having been educated afterthey were brought into being.And Friendship of this kind has also the pleasurable andthe profitable more than that between persons unconnectedby blood, in proportion as their life is also more shared incommon. Then again in the Fraternal Friendship there is allthat there is in that of Companions, and more in the good,and generally in those who are alike; in proportion as theyare more closely tied and from their very birth have a feelingof affection for one another to begin with, and as they aremore like in disposition who spring from the same stock andhave grown up together and been educated alike: and besidesthis they have the greatest opportunities in respect oftime for proving one another, and can therefore depend mostsecurely upon the trial. The elements of Friendship between193
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The Ethics of Aristotle - Penn State Hazleton

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