The Ethics of Aristotle - Penn State Hazleton

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The Ethics of Aristotlesome have a certain weight and turn the balance of life, whileothers are, so to speak, lighter; so it is likewise with thosewhich befall all our friends alike; if further, whether theywhom each suffering befalls be alive or dead makes muchmore difference than in a tragedy the presupposing or actualperpetration of the various crimes and horrors, we must takeinto our account this difference also, and still more perhapsthe doubt concerning the dead whether they really partakeof any good or evil; it seems to result from all these considerations,that if anything does pierce the veil and reach them,be the same good or bad, it must be something trivial andsmall, either in itself or to them; or at least of such a magnitudeor such a kind as neither to make happy them that arenot so otherwise, nor to deprive of their blessedness themthat are.It is plain then that the good or ill fortunes of their friendsdo affect the dead somewhat: but in such kind and degree asneither to make the happy unhappy nor produce any othersuch effect.XIIHaving determined these points, let us examine with respectto Happiness, whether it belongs to the class of things praiseworthyor things precious; for to that of faculties it evidentlydoes not.Now it is plain that everything which is a subject of praiseis praised for being of a certain kind and bearing a certainrelation to something else: for instance, the just, and the valiant,and generally the good man, and virtue itself, we praisebecause of the actions and the results: and the strong man,and the quick runner, and so forth, we praise for being of acertain nature and bearing a certain relation to somethinggood and excellent (and this is illustrated by attempts to praisethe gods; for they are presented in a ludicrous aspect by beingreferred to our standard, and this results from the fact,that all praise does, as we have said, imply reference to astandard). Now if it is to such objects that praise belongs, itis evident that what is applicable to the best objects is notpraise, but something higher and better: which is plain matterof fact, for not only do we call the gods blessed and happy,38
The Ethics of Aristotlebut of men also we pronounce those blessed who most nearlyresemble the gods. And in like manner in respect of goods;no man thinks of praising Happiness as he does the principleof justice, but calls it blessed, as being somewhat moregodlike and more excellent.Eudoxus too is thought to have advanced a sound argumentin support of the claim of pleasure to the highest prize:for the fact that, though it is one of the good things, it is notpraised, he took for an indication of its superiority to thosewhich are subjects of praise: a superiority he attributed alsoto a god and the Chief Good, on the ground that they formthe standard to which everything besides is referred. For praiseapplies to virtue, because it makes men apt to do what isnoble; but encomia to definite works of body or mind.However, it is perhaps more suitable to a regular treatiseon encomia to pursue this topic with exactness: it is enoughfor our purpose that from what has been said it is evidentthat Happiness belongs to the class of things precious andfinal. And it seems to be so also because of its being a starting-point;which it is, in that with a view to it we all doeverything else that is done; now the starting-point and causeof good things we assume to be something precious and divine.XIIIMoreover, since Happiness is a kind of working of the soulin the way of perfect Excellence, we must inquire concerningExcellence: for so probably shall we have a clearer viewconcerning Happiness; and again, he who is really a statesmanis generally thought to have spent most pains on this,for he wishes to make the citizens good and obedient to thelaws. (For examples of this class we have the lawgivers of theCretans and Lacedaemonians and whatever other such therehave been.) But if this investigation belongs properly to[Greek: politikae], then clearly the inquiry will be in accordancewith our original design.Well, we are to inquire concerning Excellence, i.e. HumanExcellence of course, because it was the Chief Good of Manand the Happiness of Man that we were inquiring of just now.By Human Excellence we mean not that of man’s body but39
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