The Ethics of Aristotle - Penn State Hazleton

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The Ethics of Aristotleare so with a view to something further: because Happinesshas no lack of anything but is self-sufficient.By choiceworthy in themselves are meant those from whichnothing is sought beyond the act of Working: and of thiskind are thought to be the actions according to Virtue, becausedoing what is noble and excellent is one of those thingswhich are choiceworthy for their own sake alone.And again, such amusements as are pleasant; because peopledo not choose them with any further purpose: in fact theyreceive more harm than profit from them, neglecting theirpersons and their property. Still the common run of thosewho are judged happy take refuge in such pastimes, which isthe reason why they who have varied talent in such are highlyesteemed among despots; because they make themselvespleasant in those things which these aim at, and these accordinglywant such men.Now these things are thought to be appurtenances of Happinessbecause men in power spend their leisure herein: yet,it may be, we cannot argue from the example of such men:because there is neither Virtue nor Intellect necessarily involvedin having power, and yet these are the only sources ofgood Workings: nor does it follow that because these men,never having tasted pure and generous Pleasure, take refugein bodily ones, we are therefore to believe them to be morechoiceworthy: for children too believe that those things aremost excellent which are precious in their eyes.We may well believe that as children and men have differentideas as to what is precious so too have the bad and thegood: therefore, as we have many times said, those things arereally precious and pleasant which seem so to the good man:and as to each individual that Working is most choiceworthywhich is in accordance with his own state to the good manthat is so which is in accordance with Virtue.Happiness then stands not in amusement; in fact the verynotion is absurd of the End being amusement, and of one’stoiling and enduring hardness all one’s life long with a viewto amusement: for everything in the world, so to speak, wechoose with some further End in view, except Happiness,for that is the End comprehending all others. Now to takepains and to labour with a view to amusement is plainlyfoolish and very childish: but to amuse one’s self with a viewto steady employment afterwards, as Anacharsis says, is232
The Ethics of Aristotlethought to be right: for amusement is like rest, and menwant rest because unable to labour continuously.Rest, therefore, is not an End, because it is adopted with aview to Working afterwards.[Sidenote: 1177a] Again, it is held that the Happy Lifemust be one in the way of Excellence, and this is accompaniedby earnestness and stands not in amusement. Moreoverthose things which are done in earnest, we say, are betterthan things merely ludicrous and joined with amusement:and we say that the Working of the better part, or the betterman, is more earnest; and the Working of the better is atonce better and more capable of Happiness.Then, again, as for bodily Pleasures, any ordinary person,or even a slave, might enjoy them, just as well as the bestman living but Happiness no one supposes a slave to shareexcept so far as it is implied in life: because Happiness standsnot in such pastimes but in the Workings in the way of Excellence,as has also been stated before.VIINow if Happiness is a Working in the way of Excellence ofcourse that Excellence must be the highest, that is to say,the Excellence of the best Principle. Whether then this bestPrinciple is Intellect or some other which is thought naturallyto rule and to lead and to conceive of noble and divinethings, whether being in its own nature divine or themost divine of all our internal Principles, the Working ofthis in accordance with its own proper Excellence must bethe perfect Happiness.That it is Contemplative has been already stated: and thiswould seem to be consistent with what we said before andwith truth: for, in the first place, this Working is of the highestkind, since the Intellect is the highest of our internal Principlesand the subjects with which it is conversant the highestof all which fall within the range of our knowledge.Next, it is also most Continuous: for we are better able tocontemplate than to do anything else whatever, continuously.Again, we think Pleasure must be in some way an ingredientin Happiness, and of all Workings in accordance with233
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The Ethics of Aristotle - Penn State Hazleton

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