Rene Descartes 1596-1650 Rene Descartes 1596-1650

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Hierarchy of Being:Infinite Substanceis God who hasthe most reality.Finite Substancesare bodies andminds.Modes aremodifications ofbody & minds(e.g., color, shape,size, imagination,ideas, will).GodAngelsHumansAnimalsPlantsMineralsEarthItems towards thetop end of the scalewere consideredmore perfect thanitems towards thebottom. Thecharacteristics ofthe things on eachlevel explainedtheir assignment tolower or higherranks; i.e., humansare more perfectthan animalsbecause they havereason, but lessperfect than angels,because they aresinful.94
2 nd Causal Argument for God’s existencefrom my own existence:My own existence could be derived from myself, my parents, a being lessperfect than God, or God:1. My existence not derived from myself; otherwise (a) I would lack noperfection (1) Yet I am imperfect (b) I depend on God to preserve me inevery moment of my existence;2. My existence not derived from my parents;(a) otherwise an infinite regress and thus no explanation; (b) what causedme is also a thinking thing3. My existence not derived from a being less perfect than God(a) No explanation for the idea of God as perfect, unitary, simple being inme;4. My existence must be derived from God;95
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ReneDescartes1596-1650Caravaggio,
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Rene Descartes(1596-1650):When our
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I. Background:Educated at a Jesuit
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I. Background:1644 Descartes publis
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I. I. The Search for Intellectual C
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II. Descartes’ Goal:Lay the found
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Method: The Need for the Meditation
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Descartes’ Method:Knowledge Requi
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II. Descartes’ Plan:His ideal was
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C. Induction & Deduction:Descartes
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D. Rules of Method:Descartes’ met
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II.Descartes’ Method:Looking for
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Little emphasis on on sense experie
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First Meditation: Arguments forDoub
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Grounds of Doubt: First Meditation:
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III. Method:Method: It is a radical
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Consider the following statements b
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First Meditation:Withholding Policy
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V. The Order of Systematic Attack:C
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Objectors (2, 3, and 4 are the most
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1. Doubting Sense Perception:Someti
Page 43 and 44: 2. Dreaming:Another ground of doubt
Page 45 and 46: 2. Dreaming:No inspection of the co
Page 47 and 48: 4. The Evil Deceiver:Can we be sure
Page 49 and 50: 4. Evil Demon:Because of the evilde
Page 51 and 52: Consider the following statements b
Page 53 and 54: Meditation 2 Outline: Cogito: The N
Page 55 and 56: Descartes’ Reasoning:Descartes th
Page 57 and 58: What Descartes Establishes:Descarte
Page 59 and 60: Meditation 2: Cogito:The Cogito:
Page 61 and 62: Meditation 2: Problems with CogitoP
Page 63 and 64: 2 ndndnd nd Meditation : : He disca
Page 65 and 66: The Wax Passage:Transparency of the
Page 67 and 68: Wax Wax Example Establishes Three P
Page 69 and 70: Consider this important statement:
Page 71 and 72: Descartes' Belief -Set:Believe only
Page 73 and 74: Third Meditation: Descartes writes
Page 75 and 76: Meditation 3: 3: SUMMARY OF INTRODU
Page 77 and 78: Criterion of Certainty:At the begin
Page 79 and 80: Third Meditation: What does “clea
Page 81 and 82: Third Meditation: What does “Natu
Page 83 and 84: Third Meditation: 3 Types of Ideas
Page 85 and 86: Objective & Formal Reality:Meditati
Page 87 and 88: Objective and Formal Reality:Object
Page 89 and 90: Formal and Objective Reality:Everyt
Page 91 and 92: More RealityThe reason why are infi
Page 93: Scholastic GreatChain of Being:1. V
Page 97 and 98: The Cartesian Circle:I am sure Gode
Page 99 and 100: Descartes Response to Arnauld regar
Page 101 and 102: Cartesian Circle:According to Dr. S
Page 103 and 104: Third Meditation: Only Ideas Called
Page 105 and 106: First & Second Meditation:Withholdi
Page 107 and 108: Descartes: Mind-Body Problem:Descar
Page 109 and 110: The Mind is is a Substance: A subst
Page 111 and 112: Descartes' Knowledge-set at end of
Page 113 and 114: Fourth Meditation: God is not a Dec
Page 115 and 116: Fourth Meditation: God is not a Dec
Page 117 and 118: God guarantees the truth of of all
Page 119 and 120: This takes us back to Cartesian Cir
Page 121 and 122: Meditation 4: The Possession of Fre
Page 123 and 124: Descartes' Knowledge-set at end of
Page 125 and 126: A. Considers what properties we can
Page 127 and 128: C. 3 Objections to Ontological Argu
Page 129 and 130: D. The Role of God in making Knowle
Page 131 and 132: Descartes' Knowledge-set in Meditat
Page 133 and 134: Meditation 6: The Problem ofExisten
Page 135 and 136: AB. The Evidence for the existence
Page 137 and 138: B. The Evidence for the existence o
Page 139 and 140: Mind is really distinct from body:I
Page 141 and 142: First Argument for Distinction ofMi
Page 143 and 144: First Argument for Mind-BodyDistinc
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Sense Impressions from BodilyObject
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Do our senses tell us the truth abo
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What is the relation of Mind and Bo
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Mind-Body Interaction:Changes in th
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Descartes’ Difficulty with Intera
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Historical Solutions to the Mind-Bo
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Descartes' Knowledge-set at end of
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Descartes' Belief -Set:Believe only
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Various Objections:If we can’t be
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Rene Descartes 1596-1650 Rene Descartes 1596-1650

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