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Results: Considering the changes between the ancestor and the descendant taxa atbranching nodes 1972 non‐informative positions and 24415 single substitutions have beendetected: the difference reflects the well‐known fact of tRNA sequence conservation.Transitions G↔A and C↔U were the majority (56%) of found substitutions. Moreimportantly, forward and backward rates of transitions were unequal and differed by 14%and 12%, correspondingly. Asymmetry of fluxes of reciprocal substitutions means that tRNAsare not at evolutionary equilibrium. Nucleotide changes are time‐irreversible and directedtowards nucleotides of weaker Watson‐Crick base‐pairing.To infer the qualitative evolutionary trajectory of nucleotide frequencies in tRNAs it isinstructive to recalculate the nucleotide changes into the transition matrix of two‐letter (S‐W) code and to apply the simplest substitution model [1]. Within the model it is assumedthat substitutions occur uniformly in time and independently of each other. Then thenucleotide frequency evolves under the following kinetic equation:n kto( 1n) kfromntUsing this equation and the forward and backward substitution rates, k to and k from , thesteady‐state nucleotide frequencies can be readily estimated (Table 1). Difference betweenthe observed and the stationary frequencies of nucleotides corresponds to the expected lossof two S‐S pairs per one tRNA in the distant future.Table 1. tRNA nucleotide content evolution: gain and loss rates, current and equilibriumfrequencies calculated from the model of independent stationary substitutions.Nucleotide Nucleotide gain\lossrate per substitutionCurrentfrequencyAsymptoticfrequencyS (G+C) ‐0.024 0.61 0.58W (A+U) 0.024 0.39 0.42Conclusion: I show that tRNAs are not in detailed evolutionary equilibrium, consistentlylosing strong (G\C) and accumulating weak (A\U) nucleotides. This may reflect underrepresentationof A and U in early tRNAs or, in other words, relaxed selection constraintfavoring G‐C pairs compared to A‐U pairs in helical regions of secondary structure. This mayalso suggest G‐C abundance in the prebiotic environment, where weak nucleotides wererare. It is well‐known that the taxon nucleotide content depends on its environmentaltemperature: therefore a universal trend found in this work supports the earlierobservations that LUCA was more thermofilic than currently living beings.Acknowledgment: The work was supported by the RAS Program "Biosphere origin andevolution" № B25.117
References[1]. I.K. Jordan et al (2005) A universal trend of amino acid gain and loss in protein evolution. Nature, 433: 633‐638.[2]. J. H. McDonald (2006) Apparent trends of amino acid gain and loss in protein evolution due to nearlyneutral variation. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 23 (2), pp. 240–244.[3]. L. D. Hurst, E. J. Feil, and E. P. C. Rocha. (2006) Protein evolution: causes of trends in amino‐acid gain andloss. Nature, 442 (7105), pp. E11–E12.118
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Boreskov Institute of Catalysis of
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INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEEA
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PLENARY LECTURES
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PL‐1first planetesimals (embryos
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PL‐2case the primary Earth substa
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PL‐310. If the high‐carbon rock
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PL‐5ON THE COMPLEXITY OF PRIMORDI
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MICROFOSSILS, BIOMOLECULES AND BIOM
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PL‐8MOLECULAR COLONIES AS A PRE
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PL‐9GENE NETWORKS AND THE EVOLUTI
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EMERGENT LIFE DRINKS ORDERLINESS FR
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PROTOBIOLOGICAL STRUCTURES, PREBIOL
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ORAL PRESENTATIONS
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OP‐1developed a theory of the gre
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OP‐2field of the Sun and the fiel
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OP‐3HOT ABIOGENESIS AND EARLY BIO
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OP‐4acetic acid [5,6], acetonitri
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OP‐6processes. Mentioned above as
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OP‐7polymerization of simple mole
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OP‐9SYNTHESIS OF BIOLOGICALLY IMP
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OP‐11threshold is reached the sel
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OP‐12nanoparticles of polysilicic
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OP‐13We aimed to relate entropy m
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OP‐14gene sequence as about 100 M
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OP‐15of photochemical transformat
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OP‐16modeled by the varying of in
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OP‐17[2]. Mulkidjanian, A. Y., Ko
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OP‐19LIFE ORIGINATION HYDRATE HYP
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OP‐20PREBIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION OF M
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OP‐21The manifestation of this ge
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Page 74 and 75: OP‐26OPTIMIZATION OF STRESS RESPO
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Page 80 and 81: OP‐29COMPUTER TOOL FOR MODELING T
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Page 84 and 85: WHY WE NEED NEW EVIDENCES FOR DEEP
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Page 88 and 89: OP‐33Taxonomic structure (alpha d
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Page 96 and 97: OP‐37extracorporeal digestion. Pl
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Page 102 and 103: OP‐40geological history was favor
Page 104 and 105: “BUTTERFLY EFFECT” IN PLANETESI
Page 106 and 107: OP‐44COEVOLUTION OF MAMMALIAN FAU
Page 108 and 109: FRAMEWORKS OF LIFE ORIGIN RESEARCH
Page 110 and 111: OP‐45[8]. Lincoln T.A., Joyce G.F
Page 112 and 113: to run the analysis. Lifeless conde
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Page 116 and 117: aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and th
Page 120 and 121: PP‐67ADAPTATION OF THE PYROCOCCUS
Page 122 and 123: GROWTH OF MICROORGANISMS IN MARTIAN
Page 124 and 125: 2.3. Cellular thalli (or colonies?)
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Page 128 and 129: A FRACTAL SPATIOTEMPORAL STRUCTURE
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Page 134 and 135: PP‐2FLUID INCLUSION IN QUARTZ FRO
Page 136 and 137: PP‐3PALEOZOIC APOCALYPSE: WHAT CA
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Page 140 and 141: PP‐5EDIACARAN SOFT‐BODIED ORGAN
Page 142 and 143: PP‐6SOFTWARE MODELLER OF EVOLUTIO
Page 144 and 145: PP‐8THE EARLIEST STEPS OF ORGANIS
Page 146 and 147: PP‐9MODELING THE CONFIGURATIONS O
Page 148 and 149: PP‐9Acknowledgement. This work wa
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Page 152 and 153: PP‐12GTF2I DOMAIN: STRUCTURE, EVO
Page 154 and 155: PP‐13DEEP INSIDE INTO VERTEBRATES
Page 156 and 157: GENERATION OF MODERN MINERAL‐BIOL
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PP‐21BIOMARKER HYDROCARBON COMPOS
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PP‐22BIOMARKER HYDROCARBONS IN KA
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PP‐23EVOLUTION OF TRILOBITE BIOFA
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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF BIOMARKER H
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CYANO‐BACTERIAL MATS OF HOT SPRIN
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PP‐26THE BIOGEOGRAPHICAL EVOLUTIO
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PP‐27MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES OF OIL
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PP‐28MICROEVOLUTIONARY PROCESSES
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BIOGENIC AND ABIOGENIC BIOMORPHIC S
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PP‐29are combine nodules forming
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PP‐30have led to divergence of la
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PP‐31observed in the modern micro
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PP‐32by the ammonite Arctocephali
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PP‐33similarities in their three
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PP‐34been formed already in the e
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PP‐35The epochs of global cooling
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PP‐37MULTIPLE PATHS TO ENCEPHALIZ
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PP‐38FIRST MIKROIHNOFOSSILS FIND
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PP‐39THE ROLE OF ECHINOIDS IN SHA
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PP‐40BIOMARKER HYDROCARBONS OF TH
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THE STRUCTURE OF MICROBIAL COMMUNIT
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PP‐42Plate 1. Middle Ordovician,
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PP‐43ecosystems of large (up to 6
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PP‐44expansion goes through 40 °
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PP‐45(Ketris and Judovich, 2009),
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SURVIVAL OF HALOPHILES AT DIFFERENT
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PP‐47ISOPRENOID BIOMARKERS AND MI
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SOME PECULIARITIES IN THE DISTRIBUT
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PP‐51EVOLUTION OF INFAUNAL SCAVEN
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PP‐52EARLY PROTEROZOIC BIOMORPHIC
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PP‐53FROM OFFSHORE TO ONSHORE:A N
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PRODUCTS FROM BIRCH BARK FOR TREATI
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PP‐55THE STRUCTURE OF MICROBIAL C
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233PP‐56
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PP‐58EARLY CAMBRIAN EVOLUTION OF
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PP‐59matter (OM) of the Kuonamka
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PP‐60Fig. 1. Masschromatograms fo
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PP‐61multiply. According to prof.
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PP‐62investigation of dietary pat
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PP‐63for almost all discs. Radial
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PP‐64BIOMARKERS IN PRECAMBRIAN KA
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MICROFOSSILS OF BACTERIAL, MUSHROOM
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PP‐66BIOSTRUCTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES
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Abramson Natalia IosifovnaZoologica
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Gerasimov MikhailSpace Research Ins
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Lomakina AnnaLimnological institute
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Rogov Vladimir IgorevichTrofimuk In
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Zamulina Tatiana VladimirovnaBoresk
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PL‐9Kolchanov N.A., Afonnikov D.A
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OP‐15Gontareva N.B., Kuzicheva E.
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OP‐33Barskov I.S.TAXONOMICAL AND
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Nagovitsin K.COMPLEX HETEROTROPHIC
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PP‐17.PP‐18.PP‐19.PP‐20.PP
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PP‐35.Polishchuk Y.M., Yashchenko
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PP‐54.PP‐55.Kuznetsova S.A.PROD
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III INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCEBIOSPHE
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