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88 JOURNAL OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES IN WEB INTELLIGENCE, VOL. 2, NO. 2, MAY 2010probably lost its connection to the destination node. In this wayfewer control packets are transmitted resulting in less energyexpenditure.packets over different routes rather then always sending them onthe best routes.X. FUTURE ASPECTSDesign and development of routing protocols for Mobile AdHoc Networks (MANETs) is an active area of research. Thestandard practice among researchers working in this emergingdomain is to evaluate the performance of their routing protocolsin a network simulator. In future a mathematical models of twokey performance metrics, routing overhead and route optimality,of BeeAdHoc MANET routing protocol using a simulator can bestudied . One of the key components of our BeeAdHoc model isthe collision model at Medium Access Control (MAC) layer. Todesign the mathematical expressions of the performance metricscan also provide insight about the behavior of BeeAdHoc inparticular, and a typical ad hoc routing protocol in general.REFERENCESIX. CONCLUSIONThe simplicity of BeeAdHoc which results from its simplerarchitecture and its using a smaller number of control packetspay off once we look at the energy consumption in transpotingthe packets from their source to their destination. BeeAdHocnetwork employs a simple bee behavior to monitor the validityof the routes.When compared to other algorithms the batterylevel of BeeAdHoc is better because it tries to spread the data[1] Formal Modeling of BeeAdHoc : A Bio-inspired Mobile AdHoc Network Routing Protocol, Muhammad Saleem 1 , SyedAli Khayam 2 and Muddassar Farooq 3.[2] The wisdom of the hive applied to mobile ad-hoc networksWedde, H.R.; Farooq, M.[3] BeeAdHoc: an Efficient, Secure and Scalable RoutingFramework for Mobile AdHoc Networks , Prof. Dr. HorstF. Wedde (wedde@ls3.cs.uni-dortmund.de) ME MuddassarFarooq (muddassar.farooq@ls3.cs.uni-dortmund.de)[4] M. Farooq, “From the Wisdom of the Hive to IntelligentRouting in Telecommunication Networks” PhD Thesis,Dortmund University, 2006.[5] H. F. Wedde and M. Farooq. “The wisdom of the hiveapplied to mobile ad-hoc networks.” In Proceedings of theIEEE Swarm Intelligence Symposium, pages 341–348,2005.[6] P. K. Visscher, “Dance Language”, Encyclopedia ofInsects, Academic Press, 2003© 2010 ACADEMY PUBLISHER
JOURNAL OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES IN WEB INTELLIGENCE, VOL. 2, NO. 2, MAY 2010 89Distance and Frequency based Route StabilityEstimation in Mobile Adhoc NetworksAjay KoulSMVD University/ School of computer Science and Engineering, Katra, IndiaEmail:ajay.kaul@smvdu.ac.inR. B. Patel and V. K. BhatM.M.University/Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Ambala, IndiaSMVD University/School of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Katra, IndiaEmail :{ patel_r_b, vijaykumarbhat2000}@yahoo.comAbstract-This paper discusses the link stability estimationfor Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). In this approachthe total time for which the link remains connected with theneighboring nodes is estimated. This helps to predict thestability of the route which is required to forward thepackets to the destination. This method does not use theselection of the next hop on the basis of shortest distance,but is based on the time period for which the next hop linkremains connected. The parameters we use, are the distanceand frequency and signal quality. These provide the way fora node to decide the best next hop neighbor and hence aperfect Quality of Service (QoS) is also obtained.The rest of the paper is organized as follows.In Section II we discuss the related works. In Section III,the node distance, position and mobility is estimated.The quality of signal along with the algorithms to beexecuted on intermediate and destination nodes arepresented in Section IV. In Section V the practicalscenario of estimating the parameters like distance,frequency, mobility, RSSI, etc. and their performanceresults are obtained. Finally the article is concluded inSections VI.Index Terms— Route stability, frequency, distance,MANETs, QoS.I. INTRODUCTIONAn ad hoc network is a dynamic multihop wirelessnetwork that is established by a set of mobilenodes. Such networks are, therefore, suitable for theenvironments where it is a difficult to create a fixedinfrastructure. In this network, mobile nodes randomlymove and communicate over radio channels. If twomobile nodes are in a radio transmission range, they cancommunicate with each other directly, otherwise, thesource node sends/receives the packets via someintermediate nodes. Hence a proper routing algorithm isrequired to route the packets from source to destination.Most routing algorithms, like in [1] estimate the linkstability based on the distance between the twoneighboring nodes. In [2] the electric field as a parameteris used to find the stable route to the destination. Thealgorithm given in [3], finds the best route to thedestination based on link perdurability. These, however,do not lead to the reliable solution in Mobile Ad hocNetworks (MANETs), as the environments are dynamicand hence the route estimation depends on the factors likemobility and direction as well. In this paper we havetaken these factors into account and the next hop route isselected not on the basis of distance only but on mobilityas well. The quality of strength is also taken intoconsideration. Our results show that our method can alsobe applied in the selection of the best neighboring node.II. RELATED WORKMany routing protocols in the past have been proposed onroute stability. In [4] the technique of signal stability isused for adaptive routing in Mobile Ad hoc networks. Inthis approach the on demand longer lived routes arediscovered based on signal strength and location stability.The signal strength of the neighboring nodes are detectedby sending beacons, and based on that, the classificationof strong and weaker channels are established. This isfurther strengthened by choosing a channel which hasexisted for a longer period of time. This signal strengthfeature in combination with the location stability helps inselection of the next hop neighbor and hence the overallroute is established. The protocol mentioned even thoughgives good results in establishing stable route, however,fails when the node density increases or the node mobilityincreases. The Global positioning system based reliableroute discovery proposed in [5] used a different approach.The algorithm discovers routes based on two zones, thestable zone and the caution zone. The zones are decidedbased on the location and the mobility of the nodes usingthe Global positioning system (GPS). The stable zone andthe caution zone change dynamically depending on themobile nodes speed and direction information. Themobile nodes speed, direction and position is estimatedbased on GPS system. This method is the perfect methodof determining the stability of the route as the criticalparameters like direction and mobility is determined. Themethod mentioned however, has a serious drawback ofadditional cost involvement and more power requirementfor the GPS based device. In [6] a model to find the best© 2010 ACADEMY PUBLISHERdoi:10.4304/jetwi.2.2.89-95
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Aims and ScopeCall for Papers and S
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