ISSUE 107 : Jul/Aug - 1994 - Australian Defence Force Journal

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YOUNG"ENDEAVOURADVENTURE AT SEA FOR YOUNG AUSTRALIANSA'HOYYOUNG AUSTRALIANS!OPPORTUNITY TO SET SAILFOR ADVENTURE IN 1995!!!An adventure that could change your whole life.Apply Now!If you are between the ages of 16 to 23 then you'reready for a voyage on YOUNG ENDEAVOURin 1995, Australia's national sail training ship!A voyage on YOUNG ENDEAVOUR is a unique and unforgettable experience — a truly great adventure. It isa lot to do with learning about sailing and the sea, also learning about yourself and other people.YOUNG ENDEAVOUR is operated by the Royal Australian Navy on behalf of the Young Endeavour YouthScheme, a specially created organisation whose aim is to give a broad range of young Australians an opportunityto develop personal skills, initiative, teamwork and leadership qualities through participation in an "adventureunder sail" on board the ship.On each sail training voyage, there are berths for 24 young Australians (12 male/12 female). If you are betweenthe ages of 16 to 23, are in good health and can swim at least 50 metres, you can apply.No previous sailing experience is necessary. In fact a lot of people who come aboard haven't been to sea before.There is an all-inclusive fee, but if money is a problem, financial assistance can be applied for through the YoungEndeavour Youth Scheme. No one misses out if they can't afford to pay for a berth."YOUNG ENDEAVOUR offers young, enthusiastic people a chance to discover new things about themselves byovercoming personal and shared challenges and by learning from others. By the end of the voyage the challenges thathave been overcome bring an amazing sense of achievement. This unique experience binds all those on board in a waynot possible on "land" and the friendships formed seem more real. For me, YOUNG ENDEAVOUR will be an ongoingpart in my life — its an experience that in my opinion is priceless and beyond measure".Youth Crew Member, V 9/93, Age 17, from QueenslandYoung Endeavour Youth Scheme Telephone: (02) 368 1800For Further Information and Application Forms: PO BOX 399 Toll Free: (008) 267 909Potts Point NSW 2011 Facsimile: (02) 368 0183
Psychological Operations in SomaliaBy Captain D.J. Wilson AA Psych.IntroductionThe ultimate objective of Psychological Operations(PSYOPS) is to convince enemy, friendly andneutral personnel to take favourable actions towardAustralia and its allies. It can maximise the destructivepower of our forces as well as reduce the needto destroy. PSYOPS can save the lives of Australiansoldiers, noncombatants and enemy forces (FM 33-1.1987).In the Australian Army. PSYOPS has been definedas "planned psychological activities directed towardsenemy, friendly and neutral audiences (target audiences)in order to create attitudes and behaviourfavourable to the achievement of national, politicaland military objectives" (MLW 1-2-10. 1987). Whilethe US Army defines PSYOPS as "planned activitiesof propaganda and psychological actions in peace andwar directed toward foreign enemy, friendly, andneutral audiences in order to influence attitudes andbehaviours in a manner favourable to the achievementof national objectives — both political and military.It includes strategic, operational, and tacticalpsychological operations" (FM 33-1, 1987. p. 1-2).PSYOPS derives its chief effectiveness from beinga part of a total operation. It is not a substitute forcombat power. However, it may be employed whenthe use of combat forces is inappropriate such as duringpeacetime or against civilian population. Whenskillfully and closely integrated with military andpolitical actions. "PSYOPS can act as a catalyst andcan often mean the difference between mission successand failure" (Borchini. 1993).United States Army PSYOPS units usually operateas support units and their primary role is to supportother military units or government agencies in reachingnational objectives. PSYOPS assets can also disseminatecommand information and products thatexplain the intent of military operations to target audiences(Jones. 1993). A commander, for example, mayuse PSYOPS to let his enemies know that it is honourable,as well as sensible, for individual soldiers orentire units to cease hostilities in the face of overwhelmingcombat force. PSYOPS is an asset thatgrows in usefulness through increased understanding.With training, its effectiveness becomes limited onlyby the ingenuity of the using commander and his\herPSYOPS personnel [4 POG(A). 1992].The following article's overall aim is to introduceUS Army PSYOPS elements and highlight the USArmy's capabilities demonstrated in Somalia. Firstly,the US Army's current PSYOPS structure, assets andgeneral capabilities will be assessed. Secondly, anexamination will be made of Operation Restore Hopeand how PSYOPS was utilised by the 8th PSYOPSBattalion (Airborne) based in Mogadishu. Somalia.The final section will concentrate on the difficultiesencountered by US Army PSYOPS in Somalia, possibleimprovements and future directions that may bevaluable to the Australian Army in its considerationof PSYOPS deployments.US Army PSYOPSThe general mission of the 4th PsychologicalOperations Group (Airborne) based in Fort Bragg.North Carolina. USA is "to deploy anywhere in theworld on short notice and plan, develop, and conductPsychological Operations in support of the UnifiedCommanders, Coalition forces, or other governmentagencies, as directed by the National CommandAuthorities" [4 POG(A). 1992. p.2|. The 4 POG(A)PSYOPS support the strategic, operational and tacticallevels of war. PSYOPS consolidation operationsare directed toward populations in friendly rear areasor in territories occupied by friendly military forces(FM 33-1,1990).The following illustrates some examples of favourableconditions for achieving PSYOPS objectives instrategic, operational, tactical, and consolidation operations(FM 33-1. 1990):• High casualties and defeats suffered by the enemy.• Precarious enemy military situations.• Insufficient or inferior enemy supplies and equipment.• Inexperienced or unqualified enemy officers.• Unfavourable news about the enemy home front.• Excessive time periods of combat for enemy troops.• Ethnic or political dissident minorities (soldiers andcivilians).
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ISSUE 107 : Jul/Aug - 1994 - Australian Defence Force Journal

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