State of Management of South AfricaÃ¢â¬â¢s ... - WWF South Africa

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STATE OF MANAGEMENT OF SOUTH AFRICA’S MARINE PROTECTED AREASGiven the range of objectives that MPAs can accomplish and the resultant variation inmanagement approaches, it is essential to clearly define and customise the objectives forindividual MPAs. Customising the objectives and management approach of a MPA requiresthe consideration of ecological, cultural and socio-economic factors in the area in which theMPA is established. These factors often have conflicting objectives and as a result theirintegration in MPA planning and management requires a series of trade offs. However itmust be recognised from the outset that the MPA is a tool used primarily for conservation,and that this tool must be customised based on the demands and circumstances in the area.For the purpose of this report ‘MPA’ refers to those declared under section 43 of the MarineLiving Resources Act 18 of 1998 (MLRA). No definition has been provided in the MLRA for‘MPA’ and it is assumed that the international understanding of the term applies in the SouthAfrican context.1.1.3 MPA ManagementIf not effectively managed, MPAs could lead to the harbouring of a false sense of securitywith regard to marine conservation. In recognition of this fact international instrumentspromote the effective management of MPAs. Several authors have described andrecommended key elements that enable effective MPA management (Kelleher 1999, IUCN1994, Young 2006, Pomeroy et al. 2006). These elements can be categorised as: effectivelegal and institutional frameworks, suitable MPA design, comprehensive managementplanning, and efficient and well-supported management systems. In addition several authorshave recognised that the success of MPAs is predominantly dependant on social factors(Jameson et al. 2002, Christie et al. 2003, Pomeroy et al. 2006, Charles & Wilson 2009). It iscrucial that the importance of social factors for enabling effective management and ultimatelymarine biodiversity conservation, is recognised in all of these categories.i. Legal and institutional frameworksLegislation is essentially a tool that can enable action, eliminate obstacles, or clarify rightsand interests (Young 2006). The approach taken by countries in drafting legislation for MPAswill vary based on differences in culture, tradition and legal practices. Broad key principlespertaining to the content of effective MPA legislation were identified and described by Young(2006). These include provisions for the selection and authorisation of institutions; specificduties, restrictions and controls; and detailed processes for: identifying and declaring MPAs, decommissioning MPAs, applications for concessions and licenses, and ensuring appropriate public involvement in relevant decisions.Pg 5
STATE OF MANAGEMENT OF SOUTH AFRICA’S MARINE PROTECTED AREASii.Appropriate MPA DesignThe effectiveness of a MPA in the achievement of conservation objectives will be limited bythe design of the MPA (Kelleher 1999, Jameson et al. 2002 and IUCN 1994). Aspects thatshould be considered when allocating a site as an MPA include; size and shape, location,boundary position, zoning, ecological representation, connectivity with other MPAs, externaland adjacent threats, and access (Jameson et al. 2002 and IUCN 1994).iii.Comprehensive management planningManagement plans guide the development and management of a MPA and need to becustomised to each MPA based on ecological processes, availability of funding, economicand social factors and international designations (Salm et al. 2000). All those involved inimplementing the plan, as well as stakeholders, need to participate in the planning processso to ensure that the plan can be implemented (Salm et al. 2000 and IUCN 1994). Severalguidelines for MPA management recommend the content and structure for managementplans, and advise that they use an ‘objective-orientated’, pro-active approach so to facilitatean outcomes-based evaluation of progress and enable adaptive management (Kelleher1999, IUCN 1994, Salm et al. 2000, Pomeroy et al. 2004).iv.An effective and well supported management systemThe successful implementation of management plans is also dependent on the capacity ofthe management authorities (Jameson et al. 2002). The key components to an effectivemanagement system include:combination of professional and technical staff with skills in key programme areas;partnerships with institutions and volunteers;financial planning and management;sufficient infrastructure;equipment acquisition and maintenance;communication and information sharing within and between authorities;compliance and enforcement procedures;monitoring and evaluation systems for management effectiveness;research programmes;education and awareness programmes;processes for stakeholder engagement and participationPg 6
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