Evaluation of water supply system Case study in Naka ... - ENGEES

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Evaluation of water supply system – Case study in Naka, Nigeriao operation and maintenanceo management and financingo equity.This choice was driven by the existing literature (Carter et al., 1999) emphasizing theimportance of the sustainable aspect of water project rather than on just the impacts,and by the fact that this evaluation was going to assess the possibility of an expansionof the water supply facilities.The next step was to define indicators characteristic of these criteria which arerepresentative of the situation and measurable with the means available in the field.Not knowing the condition on-site, assumptions were made that were either validatedor not in which case indicators needed modifications (cf. 3.3 “Field-work andadaptation of the methodology” and appendix B). In order to give place toparticipation in this evaluation, the choice of criteria were planned to be discussedwith different actors, such as the Ministry for Water Resources of BESG, theexecutive committee of the WCA and women of the community.Among the wide panel of techniques available for field data collection (Pratt &Loizos, 1992, Robson, 2002), the following one were considered to be the mostappropriate for the research purpose of this study:- Taps Inspection (technical observation and testing of all the 15 public taps)- Semi-structured interview of users of public taps (50 interviewees chosenwith stratified random sample methods with sub-groups of interestdetermined by distance from the tap (Nichols, 1991)- Semi-structured interview with the different actors of the project (WCAexecutive committee members, caretakers)- Technical survey of the water supply infrastructure (WTP, storage andother assets)- Observation walks with focused groups (women, WCA executivecommittee)- Meeting with the women of the community- Data collection of existing resources (government, Water Board, WCA)Semi structured interviews (SSI) were chosen because it allowed direct contact withthe interviewee and is not driven by the mechanical way that a traditionalCranfield University at Silsoe 11 Florianne Bourrigault (2006)
Evaluation of water supply system – Case study in Naka, Nigeriaquestionnaire requires. Therefore it allows an open discussion and the opportunity togather unexpected relevant information (Robson, 2002).3.3 Field work & adaptation of the methodologyThe data collection in Naka, Nigeria took place during June/July 2006. A translatorwas provided to facilitate the communication and introduction to the communitymembers. He also had great understandings of the water supply facilities because hehad received capacity building training about water quality in the context of thePAWS project. Most movements inside Naka were realised using a bicycle, whichwas faster than walking and allowed independence to go on chosen areas of research.Some means for testing water quality were available in the WTP; i.e. paper forestimation of colour (Hazen methods), paper for turbidity measurement (pump-strokemethod) and pH papers.The level of functioning of the water supply infrastructure significantly modified theway of collecting data. As water was not flowing in the pipe system during the stay inNaka, inspection of the taps did not happen. Therefore, information about waterquality, quantity and convenience of the water points relied only on user appreciationcollected during the semi-structured interview instead of being cross-checked byindependent water quality measurements.The unexpected number of taps in the system (99 taps in total – this number wasunknown by all the actors and was discovered during the progress of the research)then influenced the number of SSI of users (96 interviews). This took more time thanwas previously planned for. In addition to observation data, the SSI covered thefollowing points:o general information about interviewee and tap surveyedo technical evaluationo user perception of level of services (frequency, quality, pressure)o user habits (sources used, for what purposes).Hand written notes as well as a sketch of the water point location were taken duringthe interviews.Cranfield University at Silsoe 12 Florianne Bourrigault (2006)
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