Evaluation of water supply system Case study in Naka ... - ENGEES

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Evaluation of water supply system – Case study in Naka, NigeriaA snap-shot Semi-Structure Interview (SSI) of 26 community members was also doneto collect a) data on use of public taps from random people and b) level of awarenessof the WCA existence and activities among Tiv and non-Tiv people. The decision todo these SSI was influenced by the overall remark during the research of the lowawareness of the WCA as well as problem of the WCA to mobilize the members ofthe association and the women. Sample size was chosen according to the time leftavailable with the translator, with geographical spread (5 interviews in the 3 mediumdensity populated areas and 11 interviews in the most populated area), random chosenhousehold with at least one minority tribe interviewed in each part of the town (tokeep in the sample the estimation of 10% of minority in the population).In all community member interviews, level of wealth was determined by the type ofhouse: thatch huts, zinc roof and fenced house in ascending level of wealth. The wayof conducting interviews and asking question was adapted during the survey in orderto be clearly understood by the population and to fit the local situation. Some criteriaand indicators were also changed in order to be more representative of the situationand to fit on what information was really possible to extract from the data collected.The Appendix B sums up the evolution of the criteria and indicators as well as thealternatives and complementary techniques applied on site.Initial semi structured interviews and technical surveys of the infrastructures (state ofthe assets) were realised with the two caretakers of the WTP, followed by regular (ona daily basis) discussions and observation of operation and maintenance of the system.The semi-structured interview with the WCA, collection of data and SSI of staff fromthe Water Board, as well as the planned process of validating criteria for theevaluation, were not realised due to, among others, the following constraints:- problem of attendance at planned meetings- lack of introduction to the Water Board office- problems of transport availability- difficulties in raising interest in the research process (in comparison todesign)Cranfield University at Silsoe 13 Florianne Bourrigault (2006)
Evaluation of water supply system – Case study in Naka, NigeriaThese constraints cited above are common in the context of projects in developingcountries (Pratt & Loizos, 1992); they could perhaps be managed or overcome in alonger time period for the research.Various pieces of informal information were gathered during the stay in thecommunity. They have been used with care, or by only deducting indirect informationrather than using the raw information itself.A rapid visit to Lessel, another of the three small town pilot areas, allowed a quicksnap-shot to get a view of the similarities and differences of the issues concerningwater supply in the region.The spreadsheet of raw data from the baseline survey realised by the Small Town Unit(STU) of the MWRE concerning all water and sanitation aspects in the community ofNaka was also collected and examined in order to bridge the gaps in the data that thisstudy was able to collect. A sample of 709 households had been surveyed.3.4 Techniques used to avoid research biasesTwo ways of collecting the same information were carried out in order to cross-checkdifferent sources and therefore ensure reliability of the information. At least,observation was used to confirm data collected through personal interview, as answerscan sometimes be biased for different reasons – e.g the will of the interviewee to givethe “right answer”, or to answer even if he does not know the answer. The use of anindependent means of transport allowed choice of area of research to be free from theinfluence of other actors.3.5 Data analysisData were collated and then analysed in order to extract values for the differentindicators. Then they were compared to fixed values from the initial design of thewater supply system in 1998 when available, or to the values suggested (or deductionfrom these values) by Carter et al. (1999), Howard (2002), Schouten & Moriarty(2003) and the WHO (1985). Carter et al. (1999) have synthesised existing literatureconcerning water projects targets in two checklists of factors, one about impact andthe other about sustainability. Qualitative information gathered, combined withCranfield University at Silsoe 14 Florianne Bourrigault (2006)
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Page 53 and 54: Criteria of evaluation - Indicators

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