Usar p⁄gs xvii-134 - ResearchGate

Methodology:• Data on the location of settlements were derived from national census data, GPS coordinates (indigenouscommunities), and expert opinion.• GPS coordinates were used for communities located in the Imataca Forest Reserve and along the CauraRiver. In total, GPS coordinates were provided for 18 Hoti communities, 7 Kari’ña communities, 41 Ye’kwanaand Sanema in the Caura River, and 103 indigenous and non-indigenous settlements in Imataca.• In Amazonas State, only the northern sector close to Puerto Ayacucho was surveyed. Data for the Imataca `Forest Reserve and the Caura River were collected in the field most recently.• A team of anthropologists and experts in Puerto Ayacucho collected qualitative information on populationpressures near Puerto Ayacucho.• Data on settlements were entered into a Microsoft Access database, stratified by type of community anduses of the forest (indigenous, agricultural, mining, service, urban center, etc.). Settlements were alsostratified by size.Limitations:• Where it was not possible to field check information, we have based our data on already published mapsand other documented information. Thus errors from other sources may have been repeated.• Available cartography on settlements is between 10 (Tecmín) and 20 (official cartographic office) years old.This may result in errors, as many of the non-indigenous settlements may have already disappeared orchanged names.• Available maps of forest cover are coarse and it was difficult to identify whether some communities livingalong the forest frontier are in forests or far from the frontier. The lack of a detailed and accurate rivers andwatersheds map made mapping communities difficult.• The Central Office of Statistics (Oficina Central de Estadística e Informática –OCEI ) does not provide mapsat an appropriate scale or geographic coordinates with the names of population centers.• There are gaps in the data: We were unable to assemble a team of experts for the forests of Delta AmacuroState. The experts in Amazonas State were unable to dedicate sufficient time to the project due to localpolitical issues. Data on agriculture in Bolívar and Amazonas States are incomplete and in some casesnon-existent.• Some mining communities may have already disappeared, due to the transitory nature of this activity.• Informants consulted for the Eñapa area were less reliable. In addition, there is a high risk of error in thelocation of Piaroa communities near Alto Paraguaza, upstream of Salto Maraca, in the Chivapure communities,in the Eñapa communities of Cuchivero, and in the Hoti communities along the same river.• The Hoti live in semi-nomadic communities and rapidly abandon their settlements. Therefore, thesesettlements may have changed.Chapter 2: Forest Cover and ProtectionMap 3: Forest CoverSource: H. Eva and S. Jones, A forest map of South America (Ispra, Italy: Tropical Ecosystem EnvironmentObservation by Satellite (TREES), unpublished data). Scale: 1: 1,000,000.Methodology and Limitations:The new TREES map is derived from the ATSR-2 sensor (Along Track Scanning Radiometer) onboard the ERS-2Satellite from 1999-2000. The map represents forest cover in 1996. The data are at 1 km 2 resolution (0.009 degrees)and are received in the 0.55, 0.65, 0.85, 1.6, 11, and 12 microns. The data can be downloaded in near-real-timefrom the European Space Agency’s ESRIN site. The data are automatically remapped to Geographic (Plate Carre)projection using the embedded geolocation points that come with the data. The data are classified using an unsupervisedclustering algorithm ‘ISODATA’. Classes are then assigned by expert interpretation. TREES classified foresttype based on elevation. We have chosen to aggregate lowland, submontane, montane, and mangrove classes85