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• Natural monuments in southern Venezuela protect a majority of montane and submontaneforests, although how much protection they actually provide remains uncertain (see Box 3).FIGURE 3Degree of Protection of Venezuela’s ForestsSource: GFW Venezuela, 2001. See Annex 1 for details.BOX 3Protecting the Guayana Highlands through Natural Monuments:How Much is Actually Protected?In 1991, the Venezuelan government issued a decree to protect the biological and ecological richness of the upper sectionsof all the remaining tepuyes (table-top mountains) in Bolívar and Amazonas States that were not already protected innational parks. The intent of Decree 1233, called "Tepuyes Natural Monuments," was to conserve the highly specializedplant communities and unique natural ecosystems harboring numerous endemic species in two provinces: the PantepuiFloristic Province (with elevation largely higher than 1500 meters) and the Central Guayana Province (uplands andmountains roughly 300 to 1500 meters in elevation).Although the decree defined the natural monuments as areas with elevations of more than 800 meters, the coordinatesgiven by the Ministry of Environment for the monuments are not limited to such parameters. The coordinates designaterelatively large square polygons constituting a series of strictly protected areas that collectively comprise over 7 millionhectares, far more than originally intended in the presidential decree and the official gazette, (see Map 4). The larger polygonswere reportedly designed explicitly to protect the ecosystem surrounding the tepui, although this was not articulatedin the decree. Also, not all of the area within the polygons is above 800 meters. In the case of some monuments, onlya small part of the area is above the 800-meter cut-off. Because the decree does not determine which boundary prevails, itis unclear whether the entire polygon is protected or only the portion above 800 meters.The inconsistency in the decree’s provisions creates the potential for land-use conflicts (see Map 6), particularly whereoverlap already exists between natural monuments and other areas designated for natural resource uses (e.g. between naturalmonuments and forest reserves). Conflicting interpretations of the decree are also possible where the mountain rangeis almost entirely below 800 meters. However, the fact that the Ministry of Environment has chosen to include buffer areascould imply it is committed to protecting these diverse ecosystems beyond an arbitrary 800-meter elevational limit.Sources: O. Huber, Conservation of the Venezuela Guayana. In Berry, P.E., Holst, B.K., Yatskievych, K. (Eds.), Flora of the VenezuelanGuayana, Introduction (Portland, Oregon: Missouri Botanical Garden, Saint Louis and Timber Press, 1995), pp. 193-202; Repúblicade Venezuela, "Decreto Número 1233," Gaceta Oficial Nº 4250 (Caracas, Venezuela: Government of Venezuela, Jan. 18, 1991); O.Huber, "Notas Explicativas Sobre el Decreto de los Tepuyes," Pantepui No 5 (Caracas, Venezuela, 1993); O. Huber, personal communication,April 27, 2001.18
Areas protected for natural resource use correspond to IUCN categories V-VI. For source information, see Annex 1.*According to the Geneva Agreement of February 17, 1966, Venezuela claims two-thirds of the territory of Guyana.19Areas Designated for Natural Resource UseMAP 5
Page 2 and 3: The State of Venezuela’s ForestsA
Page 5: PresentationMan has become increasi
Page 9 and 10: ForewordForests help to slow global
Page 11 and 12: AcknowledgmentsGlobal Forest Watch
Page 13 and 14: Mining ............................
Page 15 and 16: 6. Actual and Potential Conflicts B
Page 18 and 19: Key FindingsVenezuela is still home
Page 20 and 21: However, the forests of the Guayana
Page 22 and 23: 2Political and Administrative Bound
Page 24: MAP 2Settlements in the Forests of
Page 27 and 28: In 1998, the Venezuelan Forest Serv
Page 29 and 30: Legal Instrument Year RelevanceDecr
Page 31 and 32: CHAPTER 2Forest Cover and Protectio
Page 33 and 34: 13Forest CoverMAP 3Data on forest c
Page 35 and 36: • Lack of consistency in results.
Page 37: 17Areas Strictly Protected for Cons
Page 41 and 42: Actual and Potential Conflicts Betw
Page 43 and 44: Capacity to Manage Protected Areas
Page 45 and 46: CHAPTER 3Non-Extractive Value of Fo
Page 47 and 48: Wildlife Species Richness in the Gu
Page 49 and 50: Threatened and Endemic Species by S
Page 51 and 52: At least thirteen plants and animal
Page 53 and 54: The capture and collection of parro
Page 55 and 56: CHAPTER 4Forest Development TrendsV
Page 57 and 58: Imports, Exports, and National Prod
Page 59 and 60: Industrial Wood Production, 1980-19
Page 61 and 62: • In 1997, royalties and fees com
Page 63 and 64: Status of Logging Concessions in th
Page 65 and 66: Irregularities in Logging Concessio
Page 67 and 68: Low extraction rates in the Guayana
Page 69 and 70: The Guayana region lacks a transpar
Page 71 and 72: The capacity for regeneration of co
Page 73 and 74: MiningWhat is the relative importan
Page 75 and 76: Venezuelan Gold and Diamond Product
Page 77 and 78: • Concession owners are required
Page 79 and 80: Foreign Mining Companies with Holdi
Page 81 and 82: By nature, mining is a speculative
Page 83 and 84: signs of contamination, 97 and anot
Page 85 and 86: SettlementsHow are settlement patte
Page 87 and 88: What is the impact of population ch
Page 89 and 90:
y these actors. In addition, becaus
Page 91 and 92:
CHAPTER 5ConclusionsGlobal Forest W
Page 93 and 94:
Providing Better Information for In
Page 95 and 96:
18 Ministerio del Ambiente y de los
Page 97 and 98:
37 MARN, Boletín Estadístico Fore
Page 99 and 100:
62 R. Posada, “Algunos aspectos s
Page 101 and 102:
83 Government of Venezuela (GOV), D
Page 103 and 104:
103 Legislation does not define sta
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Methodology:• Data on the locatio
Page 107 and 108:
• TREES from ATSR onboard the ERS
Page 109 and 110:
Maps 4-6, Figures 2-4Venezuela’s
Page 111 and 112:
• There are differences between t
Page 113 and 114:
Wildlife Restricted to Forests of t
Page 115 and 116:
Threatened Animals Used by Indigeno
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Chapter 4: Forest Development Trend
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Note: There are many inconsistencie
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Annual Cutting Plans (Executed)Area
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Management Area (ha) Contract Years
Page 125 and 126:
Table Sources:• Concession manage
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Price of Gold, 1975-2000 (Figure 20
Page 129 and 130:
Methodology (Figure 23, Table 11, M
Page 131 and 132:
Change in Selected Indigenous Popul
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iar with forest issues in Venezuela
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Gydris Adrián Comisión Especial p
Page 137 and 138:
Ortegano, O. “Nueva Política For
Page 139 and 140:
Chapter 3: Non-timber Forest Produc
Page 141 and 142:
Dessene, P., and S. Strhal. “Situ
Page 143 and 144:
Hernández, L., P. Williams, R. Azu
Page 145 and 146:
Ojasti, J. “Fauna silvestre del e
Page 147 and 148:
Técnica Minera C.A. Inventario de
Page 149 and 150:
Nepstad, D., et al. “Large-scale
Page 151 and 152:
Government Industry Task Force on t
Page 153 and 154:
All data presented in this report a
Page 155:
GLOBAL FOREST WATCH (GFW)WORLD RESO
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