Usar pâgs xvii-134 - ResearchGate

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BOX 1Zoning the Imataca Forest ReserveLocated in the Guayana region, the Imataca Forest Reserve has been the source of much conflict. Originally created in1961 and then subsequently enlarged in 1993, the reserve encompasses over 3.6 million hectares. Imataca was legallydesignated a production forest, thus providing a wood supply, while ensuring the integrity of forest ecosystems. Since1965, the government has also given out mining concessions in the reserve, sometimes overlapping with logging concessions(see Map 13). By the 1990s, illegal small-scale miners had succeeded in invading and clearing significant areas offorest in the southern portion of the reserve.In 1997, the government issued Decree 1850, a land-use and zoning plan (Plan de Ordenamiento y Reglamento de Uso)for the reserve, in an attempt to put order into a chaotic land-use situation. The plan essentially divided the reserve almostequally between mining and logging concessions. 1 Environmentalists subsequently filed a lawsuit, arguing that miningwas incompatible with the objectives of the reserve, and that the government had failed to comply with the requirementfor stakeholder consultation. The Supreme Court issued a moratorium on any new logging or mining concessions in thereserve until it had ruled on the case. As of August 2001, the case remained in the Supreme Court.In 1999, the government, under the new administration, solicited the help of the World Bank in developing a new versionof the zoning decree. In an attempt to provide up-to-date baseline information toward the consultation and publication ofthe new decree, an internal commission of the Ministry of Environment contracted national consultants to analyze theregion’s social and environmental conflicts, characteristics of the flora and fauna, and water quality. The World Bankfundedcommission identified key issues needing to be addressed in the development of a new zoning plan, including: 2• Lack of institutional and intersectoral coordination among government entities at the local and national levels.The commission recommended promoting interministerial coordination through the clarification of institutionalroles, communication regarding the process for developing the new zoning plan, and through publicparticipation.• Lack of evidence that mining or logging as currently practiced are environmentally sustainable or result in animproved quality of life for local communities: Citing studies that questioned both logging and mining practices,the committee recommended that logging concessions and small-scale miners be subject to environmentalimpact assessments and that the Ministry of Environment seek to develop non-timber forest products andother values of the Imataca Forest Reserve.• Lack of adequate monitoring and control over activities in the reserve. The commission cited the lack ofhuman and financial resources on the part of the entities responsible for monitoring and policing the reserve.Recommendations included the incorporation of indigenous and local communities in monitoring activitiesas well as involving local communities in decision making regarding the reserve.1. Miranda et al, All That Glitters is Not Gold: Balancing Conservation and Development in Venezuela’s Frontier Forests(Washington, DC: WRI, 1998).2. G. Colomine et al., “Estrategia para la Elaboración del Plan de Ordenamiento y Reglamento de Uso de la Reserva ForestalImataca,” Paper presented at 2º Congreso Forestal Venezolano, Caracas, Venezuela, November 2000.10
CHAPTER 2Forest Cover and ProtectionThis chapter evaluates the state of knowledge regarding the nation’s forests and the degree of protectionprovided by existing protected areas. To determine the status of Venezuela’s forests, we analyzedavailable information on forest cover and protected areas. Specifically, we sought to answerthe following questions:• Where are Venezuela’s forests and how has forest cover changedover the last decades?•What is the status of protected areas in Venezuela’s forestsand in the Guayana region specifically?•How have protected areas been managed in Venezuela?To answer these questions, we used government maps of protected areas, a regional map of forestcover developed by the Tropical Ecosystem Environment Observations by Satellites Project(TREES), derived from the use of the NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR)sensor, and a national vegetation map published in the mid-1980s. We compared these map data tostatistics released by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) for national deforestation. Theseresults reveal significant inconsistencies between datasets, and raise questions about the reliabilityof current forest cover estimates.We encountered several difficulties in analyzing the protection status of forest cover, due to the lackof a georeferenced map of protected areas and an official map of political boundaries. Schematicmaps available from government offices have technical deficiencies resulting from the fact that protectedareas are mapped individually and then transferred onto a national scale map using outdatedcartographic methods and inaccurate base maps. Until 1998, presidential decrees establishing protectedareas did not require prior technical consultation with the official cartographic office(Instituto Geográfico de Venezuela “Simón Bolívar”), which resulted in cartographic errors in delineatingthe boundaries of these areas. We also encountered difficulties mapping the large number ofestablished protected areas (362 total) because of overlap between protected area boundaries; theextent of overlap suggests a lack of information and poor coordination on the part of governmentofficials when delineating protected areas.11
Page 2 and 3: The State of Venezuela’s ForestsA
Page 5: PresentationMan has become increasi
Page 9 and 10: ForewordForests help to slow global
Page 11 and 12: AcknowledgmentsGlobal Forest Watch
Page 13 and 14: Mining ............................
Page 15 and 16: 6. Actual and Potential Conflicts B
Page 18 and 19: Key FindingsVenezuela is still home
Page 20 and 21: However, the forests of the Guayana
Page 22 and 23: 2Political and Administrative Bound
Page 24: MAP 2Settlements in the Forests of
Page 27 and 28: In 1998, the Venezuelan Forest Serv
Page 29: Legal Instrument Year RelevanceDecr
Page 33 and 34: 13Forest CoverMAP 3Data on forest c
Page 35 and 36: • Lack of consistency in results.
Page 37 and 38: 17Areas Strictly Protected for Cons
Page 39 and 40: Areas protected for natural resourc
Page 41 and 42: Actual and Potential Conflicts Betw
Page 43 and 44: Capacity to Manage Protected Areas
Page 45 and 46: CHAPTER 3Non-Extractive Value of Fo
Page 47 and 48: Wildlife Species Richness in the Gu
Page 49 and 50: Threatened and Endemic Species by S
Page 51 and 52: At least thirteen plants and animal
Page 53 and 54: The capture and collection of parro
Page 55 and 56: CHAPTER 4Forest Development TrendsV
Page 57 and 58: Imports, Exports, and National Prod
Page 59 and 60: Industrial Wood Production, 1980-19
Page 61 and 62: • In 1997, royalties and fees com
Page 63 and 64: Status of Logging Concessions in th
Page 65 and 66: Irregularities in Logging Concessio
Page 67 and 68: Low extraction rates in the Guayana
Page 69 and 70: The Guayana region lacks a transpar
Page 71 and 72: The capacity for regeneration of co
Page 73 and 74: MiningWhat is the relative importan
Page 75 and 76: Venezuelan Gold and Diamond Product
Page 77 and 78: • Concession owners are required
Page 79 and 80: Foreign Mining Companies with Holdi
Page 81 and 82:
By nature, mining is a speculative
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signs of contamination, 97 and anot
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SettlementsHow are settlement patte
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What is the impact of population ch
Page 89 and 90:
y these actors. In addition, becaus
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CHAPTER 5ConclusionsGlobal Forest W
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Providing Better Information for In
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18 Ministerio del Ambiente y de los
Page 97 and 98:
37 MARN, Boletín Estadístico Fore
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62 R. Posada, “Algunos aspectos s
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83 Government of Venezuela (GOV), D
Page 103 and 104:
103 Legislation does not define sta
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Methodology:• Data on the locatio
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• TREES from ATSR onboard the ERS
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Maps 4-6, Figures 2-4Venezuela’s
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• There are differences between t
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Wildlife Restricted to Forests of t
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Threatened Animals Used by Indigeno
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Chapter 4: Forest Development Trend
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Note: There are many inconsistencie
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Annual Cutting Plans (Executed)Area
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Management Area (ha) Contract Years
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Table Sources:• Concession manage
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Price of Gold, 1975-2000 (Figure 20
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Methodology (Figure 23, Table 11, M
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Change in Selected Indigenous Popul
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iar with forest issues in Venezuela
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Gydris Adrián Comisión Especial p
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Ortegano, O. “Nueva Política For
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Chapter 3: Non-timber Forest Produc
Page 141 and 142:
Dessene, P., and S. Strhal. “Situ
Page 143 and 144:
Hernández, L., P. Williams, R. Azu
Page 145 and 146:
Ojasti, J. “Fauna silvestre del e
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Técnica Minera C.A. Inventario de
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Nepstad, D., et al. “Large-scale
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Government Industry Task Force on t
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All data presented in this report a
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GLOBAL FOREST WATCH (GFW)WORLD RESO
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