mak<strong>in</strong>g and management across Scotland. Thus there were three key aspects <strong>to</strong> thestudy:• a review <strong>of</strong> the literature, national and <strong>in</strong>ternational, on the prevalence <strong>of</strong>, andreasons believed <strong>to</strong> underp<strong>in</strong>, observed differences, as well as strategiesdeveloped <strong>to</strong> address these;• a survey <strong>of</strong> <strong>Scottish</strong> local authorities <strong>to</strong> identify strategies already <strong>in</strong>troducedand/or developed; and• a series <strong>of</strong> case studies on the strategies <strong>in</strong> action and their impact on teachersand pupils.The data gathered has been analysed <strong>to</strong> report on:• the extent <strong>of</strong>, and key fac<strong>to</strong>rs <strong>in</strong>, gender <strong>in</strong>equalities <strong>in</strong> <strong>Scottish</strong> schools and howthese relate <strong>to</strong> the <strong>in</strong>ternational context;• current policies and strategies <strong>to</strong> address <strong>in</strong>equalities <strong>in</strong> <strong>Scottish</strong> schools;• the perceptions and views <strong>of</strong> pupils, teachers and managers <strong>in</strong> schools on theimpact that <strong>in</strong>equalities have on self-esteem and confidence, aspirations andchoice with<strong>in</strong> and beyond the school system; and• examples <strong>of</strong> where strategies have been effective <strong>in</strong> address<strong>in</strong>g gender <strong>in</strong>equalityissues across the school sec<strong>to</strong>r.Section 2 <strong>of</strong> this report gives a summary <strong>of</strong> the literature on gender <strong>in</strong>equality (whichaddressed, primarily, the first bullet po<strong>in</strong>t on key fac<strong>to</strong>rs). The full literature review canbe obta<strong>in</strong>ed from the project team at the universities <strong>of</strong> Strathclyde and Glasgow(www.strath.ac.uk and www.gla.ac.uk) or from the SEED website(www.scotland.gov.uk).______________________________________________________________________________________<strong>Review</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Strategies</strong> <strong>to</strong> 2 University <strong>of</strong> Strathclyde<strong>Address</strong> <strong>Gender</strong> <strong>Inequalities</strong>and University <strong>of</strong> Glasgow
CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE2.1 IntroductionThe fieldwork phase <strong>of</strong> the study was <strong>in</strong>formed by research <strong>in</strong><strong>to</strong> the nature and causes <strong>of</strong>gender <strong>in</strong>equalities <strong>in</strong> schools. Some <strong>of</strong> the work reviewed (e.g. Riddell, 1996; Osler etal, 2002; Lloyd, 2005), considered gender and special educational needs; others discussedgender at particular stages <strong>of</strong> school<strong>in</strong>g (Wilk<strong>in</strong>son et al, 1999; Croxford, 1999; Biggart,2000); whilst a number <strong>of</strong> recent projects <strong>in</strong> the UK and <strong>in</strong> Scotland (Powney, 1996;Sukhnandan, 1999; T<strong>in</strong>kl<strong>in</strong> et al, 2001) have considered gender, atta<strong>in</strong>ment and/orachievement across the population and the span <strong>of</strong> compulsory school<strong>in</strong>g.The research has consistently revealed gender <strong>in</strong>equalities both <strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> participation<strong>in</strong> school<strong>in</strong>g and its outcomes. However, there is also general agreement that gender isnot the only, nor even the ma<strong>in</strong>, source <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>equality. A number <strong>of</strong> fac<strong>to</strong>rs have beenidentified as contribut<strong>in</strong>g <strong>to</strong> gender <strong>in</strong>equalities and various strategies <strong>to</strong> address thesehave been identified, although not all researchers are <strong>in</strong> agreement as <strong>to</strong> which fac<strong>to</strong>rs arethe most significant nor as <strong>to</strong> which strategies should be adopted. For example, somecommenta<strong>to</strong>rs argue that some <strong>of</strong> the strategies adopted by schools can pathologisegender differences, re<strong>in</strong>forc<strong>in</strong>g particular forms <strong>of</strong> mascul<strong>in</strong>ity at the risk <strong>of</strong> suppress<strong>in</strong>gor marg<strong>in</strong>alis<strong>in</strong>g other forms.This review <strong>of</strong> the literature focuses on the evidence for <strong>in</strong>equality, explores possiblecauses and contribu<strong>to</strong>ry fac<strong>to</strong>rs and considers some <strong>of</strong> the strategies developed <strong>to</strong> addressthese with<strong>in</strong> the context <strong>of</strong> schools and learn<strong>in</strong>g.2.2 <strong>Inequalities</strong> <strong>in</strong> atta<strong>in</strong>mentIn the 1970s, concern focused on girls who, as a group, were perceived <strong>to</strong> bedisadvantaged <strong>in</strong> school, as evidenced by atta<strong>in</strong>ment levels <strong>in</strong> general and by the lowuptake <strong>of</strong> some subjects. This was, <strong>in</strong> part, a reflection <strong>of</strong> a wider political concern about<strong>in</strong>equality <strong>in</strong> the light <strong>of</strong> the ga<strong>in</strong>s made by the Civil Rights Movement <strong>of</strong> the 1960s. Inthe field <strong>of</strong> Women’s Rights those advances were embodied <strong>in</strong> the Sex Discrim<strong>in</strong>ationAct (1975) and the Equal Opportunities Act (1975). <strong>Scottish</strong> local authorities weresomewhat sluggish <strong>in</strong> respond<strong>in</strong>g and, <strong>in</strong> general, did not <strong>in</strong>troduce gender equalitypolicies until the early 1990s (Riddell, 2000). Riddell also notes that while both nationaladvice (SED, 1975) and local policy (Strathclyde Regional Council, 1988) identifiedgender as a fac<strong>to</strong>r <strong>in</strong>, for example, patterns <strong>of</strong> subject uptake, they did not perceive it <strong>to</strong>be a problem <strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> school practice. Rather it was the teachers’ organisations,notably the Educational Institute <strong>of</strong> Scotland (EIS, 1989, cited <strong>in</strong> Riddell, 2000) and theGeneral Teach<strong>in</strong>g Council (GTC, 1991), that attempted <strong>to</strong> address practice. In 1989 theEIS issued a ‘positive assertion aga<strong>in</strong>st sexism’ criticis<strong>in</strong>g contemporary practice where,they reported, boys: demanded and received a generous share <strong>of</strong> teacher time; received adisproportionate share <strong>of</strong> hands-on experience (e.g. <strong>in</strong> science or comput<strong>in</strong>g); receivedapologies from teachers when asked <strong>to</strong> undertake non-traditional tasks; were rewardedfor be<strong>in</strong>g assertive and advised not <strong>to</strong> act like girls; and received a disproportionate share<strong>of</strong> coveted class materials (EIS, 1989, cited <strong>in</strong> Riddell, 2000).In Scotland, secondary analyses <strong>of</strong> a range <strong>of</strong> quantitative data from the <strong>Scottish</strong>Qualifications Agency, Assessment <strong>of</strong> Achievement Programme, <strong>Scottish</strong> SchoolLeavers’ Survey, <strong>Scottish</strong> Executive’s Statistical Bullet<strong>in</strong>s and Basel<strong>in</strong>e AssessmentProgrammes have demonstrated that, whilst levels <strong>of</strong> atta<strong>in</strong>ment have <strong>in</strong>creased overalls<strong>in</strong>ce the 1970s, average levels <strong>of</strong> atta<strong>in</strong>ment for boys are lower than for girls at all stagesand across almost all areas <strong>of</strong> the curriculum (Croxford, 1999; Wilk<strong>in</strong>son et al, 1999;______________________________________________________________________________________<strong>Review</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Strategies</strong> <strong>to</strong> 3 University <strong>of</strong> Strathclyde<strong>Address</strong> <strong>Gender</strong> <strong>Inequalities</strong>and University <strong>of</strong> Glasgow
- Page 3 and 4: CONTENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTSEXECUTIVE S
- Page 5 and 6: EXECUTIVE SUMMARYIntroductionThe Re
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- Page 11: CHAPTER ONE THE STUDYRecent researc
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- Page 19 and 20: ii. Assessment practicesNational mo
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- Page 25 and 26: were still highly gendered. Further
- Page 27 and 28: CHAPTER THREE SURVEY OF LOCAL AUTHO
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- Page 31 and 32: ‘Getting the best out of Boys’
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- Page 45 and 46: School 1In the first school, non-de
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- Page 55 and 56: CHAPTER FIVE DISCUSSIONThe review o
- Page 57 and 58: Pupils were particularly aware of g
- Page 59 and 60: differences in the ways that boys a
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Lloyd, G (ed.) (2005) Problem Girls
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Rowe, K, Nix, PJ and Tepper, G (199
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APPENDIX 1 QUESTIONNAIRE FOR LOCAL
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6. Would you expect any written pol
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C. Strategies to address gender ine
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Local authority161718Strategy/Area
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Focus group schedule: pupilsThe the
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4. ImpactHas the project made any d
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Policy origin of the initiativeLoca
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Relationship with other strategiesE
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Section 4Focus Group - ParentsGener