mentioned external staff development activities that were subsequently developed with<strong>in</strong>the authority and/or school, e.g. ‘Key people have attended Ge<strong>of</strong>f Hannan courses andtaken issues forward <strong>in</strong> own school’. Overall, a range <strong>of</strong> different agencies wereidentified <strong>in</strong> responses, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g:• private consultancies, e.g. Learn<strong>in</strong>g Unlimited, the Learn<strong>in</strong>g Game and/or<strong>in</strong>dividual educational consultants;• academics from the higher education sec<strong>to</strong>r; and• local authority advisers.The f<strong>in</strong>al question <strong>in</strong> this section asked respondents <strong>to</strong> identify what they considered <strong>to</strong> bethe two priorities <strong>in</strong> relation <strong>to</strong> gender (<strong>in</strong>)equality <strong>in</strong> education <strong>to</strong>day. Twenty-two <strong>of</strong> the25 completed forms identified two priorities. The key themes were:i. atta<strong>in</strong>ment/achievement15 respondents referred <strong>to</strong> atta<strong>in</strong>ment/achievement, 6 specify<strong>in</strong>g atta<strong>in</strong>ment <strong>of</strong>boys and 1 referr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>to</strong> girls, eg‘difference <strong>in</strong> atta<strong>in</strong>ment by gender’‘cont<strong>in</strong>u<strong>in</strong>g underachievement <strong>of</strong> boys up <strong>to</strong> S4/5’‘achievement <strong>of</strong> girls (especially <strong>in</strong> relation <strong>to</strong> SQA results)’.ii. learn<strong>in</strong>g and teach<strong>in</strong>g strategies, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g learn<strong>in</strong>g styles7 respondents referred <strong>to</strong> the need <strong>to</strong> develop effective teach<strong>in</strong>g and learn<strong>in</strong>gstyles for both groups <strong>of</strong> pupils, eg‘<strong>to</strong> raise awareness <strong>of</strong> the impact <strong>of</strong> differ<strong>in</strong>g learn<strong>in</strong>g styles’‘different learn<strong>in</strong>g styles between boys/girls’.iii. career optionsa <strong>to</strong>tal <strong>of</strong> 5 respondents cited career-related issues, eg‘career stereotyp<strong>in</strong>g’‘ensur<strong>in</strong>g career option choices are not gender stereotyped’.A number <strong>of</strong> other issues were identified by 1, or at the most 2, <strong>in</strong>dividual respondents,<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g: disaffected boys; exclusion; subject uptake; boys’ literacy; lack <strong>of</strong> male rolemodels; girls’ reluctance <strong>to</strong> take risks/be speculative; active schools; and substance abuse(and its impact on atta<strong>in</strong>ment, attendance, etc). Two respondents stressed the need <strong>to</strong>ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong> awareness <strong>of</strong> gender issues, while 1 asked for ‘clear understand<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>, andevaluation <strong>of</strong>, strategies adopted <strong>to</strong> address <strong>in</strong>equality’.3.4 <strong>Strategies</strong> <strong>to</strong> address gender <strong>in</strong>equalitiesThe f<strong>in</strong>al section <strong>of</strong> the questionnaire asked schools <strong>to</strong> identify up <strong>to</strong> 3 examples <strong>of</strong>strategies adopted with<strong>in</strong> the authority that might serve as examples for the project. Thequestionnaire specifically asked for examples across the sec<strong>to</strong>rs – pre-5, primary,secondary and special schools.A considerable range <strong>of</strong> examples was supplied by 18 authorities (Appendix 2).Achievement, particularly boys’ underachievement, accounted for 9 <strong>of</strong> the examplesgiven, while 8 examples relat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>to</strong> literacy were provided, 4 <strong>of</strong> which focused on boys.Learn<strong>in</strong>g and teach<strong>in</strong>g strategies were mentioned 4 times, while s<strong>in</strong>gle gender classes andthe <strong>in</strong>volvement <strong>of</strong> fathers were each mentioned twice. The rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g strategies coveredspecific areas <strong>of</strong> the curriculum, e.g. science, or referred <strong>to</strong> general themes such as______________________________________________________________________________________<strong>Review</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Strategies</strong> <strong>to</strong> 20 University <strong>of</strong> Strathclyde<strong>Address</strong> <strong>Gender</strong> <strong>Inequalities</strong>and University <strong>of</strong> Glasgow
‘Gett<strong>in</strong>g the best out <strong>of</strong> Boys’ and the ‘Alternative curriculum’. Active learn<strong>in</strong>g,promot<strong>in</strong>g health improvement and Handle techniques for address<strong>in</strong>g developmentaldisorders were also mentioned by <strong>in</strong>dividual authorities.The examples identified by authorities were supplemented by <strong>in</strong>stances gathered fromother sources such the <strong>in</strong>ternet. The project team then identified a number <strong>of</strong> strategiesfor further <strong>in</strong>vestigation (see Table 1). Overall, the case studies were selected <strong>to</strong> providea range <strong>of</strong> strategies across a number <strong>of</strong> authorities.Table 1: Schools and strategies <strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>in</strong> case studiesTheme No <strong>of</strong> schools <strong>in</strong>volved Pupil emphasis*Early literacy5: 4 primary and 1 pre-5Boys – achievement andmotivationProgression and cont<strong>in</strong>uity<strong>Gender</strong> <strong>in</strong>clusive strategiescluster <strong>of</strong> 3: 2 primary and1 secondary2: both pre-5Boys – achievement,motivation, attitudesBoys – self esteem, self image,role modelsS<strong>in</strong>gle gender classes3: all secondaryBoys – achievement andbehaviourCurriculum flexibility 1 secondary Boys – rais<strong>in</strong>g atta<strong>in</strong>mentDevelop<strong>in</strong>g emotional literacy‘Reach for the stars’Stream<strong>in</strong>g by ability1 primary1 secondary1 secondaryBoys – address<strong>in</strong>gchalleng<strong>in</strong>g behaviourBoth – motivation and selfesteemBoth – motivation and selfesteem for ‘able’ pupils* It should be noted that most strategies were <strong>in</strong>tended <strong>to</strong> improve atta<strong>in</strong>ment for both boys and girls, but there tended <strong>to</strong>be an emphasis, whether <strong>in</strong> the orig<strong>in</strong>al plan or subsequently, on boys.Although <strong>in</strong>terview schedules were developed, the strategies varied significantly, as didthe groups <strong>in</strong>volved (parents, pupils, school and/or authority staff). Therefore scheduleswere developed which conta<strong>in</strong>ed common themes but allowed the <strong>in</strong>terviewer <strong>to</strong> adaptthe specific questions <strong>in</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e with the particular strategy be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>vestigated (Appendix 3).______________________________________________________________________________________<strong>Review</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Strategies</strong> <strong>to</strong> 21 University <strong>of</strong> Strathclyde<strong>Address</strong> <strong>Gender</strong> <strong>Inequalities</strong>and University <strong>of</strong> Glasgow
- Page 3 and 4: CONTENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTSEXECUTIVE S
- Page 5 and 6: EXECUTIVE SUMMARYIntroductionThe Re
- Page 7 and 8: Staff and management in most school
- Page 9 and 10: 6. Management and whole school pers
- Page 11 and 12: CHAPTER ONE THE STUDYRecent researc
- Page 13 and 14: CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF THE LITERATUR
- Page 15 and 16: 2.3 Causes of gender inequalityA ra
- Page 17 and 18: Archer and Yamashita (2003) argue t
- Page 19 and 20: ii. Assessment practicesNational mo
- Page 21 and 22: Further efforts to ensure ‘effect
- Page 23 and 24: Skelton (2001) argues that the basi
- Page 25 and 26: were still highly gendered. Further
- Page 27 and 28: CHAPTER THREE SURVEY OF LOCAL AUTHO
- Page 29: curriculum structures and lifelong
- Page 33 and 34: 4.2 Early literacyLiteracy, or, mor
- Page 35 and 36: that it was concerned, at least in
- Page 37 and 38: 4.3 Self-concept and esteemA number
- Page 39 and 40: to the boys, animal print designs a
- Page 41 and 42: parents and what they wanted. Overa
- Page 43 and 44: was a thrust in the policy towards
- Page 45 and 46: School 1In the first school, non-de
- Page 47 and 48: For pupils, there were some common
- Page 49 and 50: Staff interviewed thought that a pa
- Page 51 and 52: The initiative had not been evaluat
- Page 53 and 54: indicated that he believed there wa
- Page 55 and 56: CHAPTER FIVE DISCUSSIONThe review o
- Page 57 and 58: Pupils were particularly aware of g
- Page 59 and 60: differences in the ways that boys a
- Page 61 and 62: Burn, E (2001) Do boys need male pr
- Page 63 and 64: Lloyd, G (ed.) (2005) Problem Girls
- Page 65 and 66: Rowe, K, Nix, PJ and Tepper, G (199
- Page 67 and 68: APPENDIX 1 QUESTIONNAIRE FOR LOCAL
- Page 69 and 70: 6. Would you expect any written pol
- Page 71 and 72: C. Strategies to address gender ine
- Page 73 and 74: Local authority161718Strategy/Area
- Page 75 and 76: Focus group schedule: pupilsThe the
- Page 77 and 78: 4. ImpactHas the project made any d
- Page 79 and 80: Policy origin of the initiativeLoca
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Relationship with other strategiesE
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Section 4Focus Group - ParentsGener