are issues, not just <strong>in</strong> relation <strong>to</strong> the under-achievement <strong>of</strong> some boys, but <strong>to</strong> theexperiences <strong>of</strong> pupils – both boys and girls – where they are <strong>in</strong> a significant m<strong>in</strong>orityposition <strong>in</strong> a class.4.7 SummaryThe case studies <strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>in</strong> the project ranged from small, focused <strong>in</strong>itiatives <strong>to</strong>authority-wide developments target<strong>in</strong>g specific sections <strong>of</strong> the education system andpopulations more generally. Look<strong>in</strong>g across the reports, the key features <strong>to</strong> successappear <strong>to</strong> be that:• gender is only one <strong>of</strong> a number <strong>of</strong> fac<strong>to</strong>rs recognised by schools as hav<strong>in</strong>g animpact on pupils’ educational opportunities and achievement as well as futurecareer possibilities;• the <strong>in</strong>itiative has a number <strong>of</strong> strands designed <strong>to</strong> address motivation, self-esteemand confidence and <strong>to</strong> challenge stereotypical ideas with regard <strong>to</strong> roles, choicesand behaviour;• there are sound educational reasons, that can be communicated <strong>to</strong> parents, foradopt<strong>in</strong>g new strategies and approaches (which were <strong>of</strong>ten grounded <strong>in</strong> anunderstand<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> theory and/or research);• there is a buy-<strong>in</strong> across staff, pupils and parents, with all three <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> theconsultation, decision-mak<strong>in</strong>g and the on-go<strong>in</strong>g moni<strong>to</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g and furtherdevelopment <strong>of</strong> the <strong>in</strong>itiative;• deliberate steps are taken <strong>to</strong> build the <strong>in</strong>itiative <strong>in</strong><strong>to</strong> the day-<strong>to</strong>-day practice <strong>of</strong> theschools/authority; and• there is ongo<strong>in</strong>g moni<strong>to</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g that allows modifications and adjustments <strong>to</strong> bemade as practices develop.In addition, while some fund<strong>in</strong>g and the existence <strong>of</strong> a ‘champion’ <strong>in</strong> the <strong>in</strong>itial stageswere important, if not essential, these fac<strong>to</strong>rs were not, <strong>of</strong> themselves, sufficient <strong>to</strong>susta<strong>in</strong> long-term development and success. Nor was it realistic <strong>to</strong> expect <strong>to</strong> turn aroundachievement levels, for example, <strong>in</strong> a short period <strong>of</strong> time – those strategies that showedthe greatest return had been <strong>in</strong> place for a number <strong>of</strong> years.______________________________________________________________________________________<strong>Review</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Strategies</strong> <strong>to</strong> 44 University <strong>of</strong> Strathclyde<strong>Address</strong> <strong>Gender</strong> <strong>Inequalities</strong>and University <strong>of</strong> Glasgow
CHAPTER FIVE DISCUSSIONThe review <strong>of</strong> strategies <strong>to</strong> address gender <strong>in</strong>equalities was designed <strong>to</strong> provide feedbackon four key aspects:• the extent <strong>of</strong> and key fac<strong>to</strong>rs <strong>in</strong> gender <strong>in</strong>equalities <strong>in</strong> <strong>Scottish</strong> schools and howthese relate <strong>to</strong> the <strong>in</strong>ternational context;• current policies and strategies <strong>to</strong> address <strong>in</strong>equalities <strong>in</strong> <strong>Scottish</strong> schools;• the perceptions and views <strong>of</strong> pupils, teachers and managers <strong>in</strong> schools on theimpact that <strong>in</strong>equalities have on self-esteem and confidence, aspirations andchoice with<strong>in</strong> and beyond the school system; and• examples <strong>of</strong> where strategies have been effective <strong>in</strong> address<strong>in</strong>g gender <strong>in</strong>equalityissues across the school sec<strong>to</strong>r.These are considered <strong>in</strong> turn.5.1 <strong>Gender</strong> <strong>in</strong>equality and <strong>Scottish</strong> schoolsThe review <strong>of</strong> the literature <strong>in</strong>dicated that much <strong>of</strong> the concern over gender <strong>in</strong>equality <strong>in</strong>achievement, personal development (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g self-esteem and behaviour) and careeroptions is as relevant <strong>to</strong> Scotland as <strong>to</strong> the other countries discussed. Statistics from the<strong>Scottish</strong> Executive <strong>in</strong>dicate that, as elsewhere, girls tend <strong>to</strong> outperform boys <strong>in</strong> most areasassessed through national qualifications and assessment programmes, with particularstrengths <strong>in</strong> literacy. While girls are more successful <strong>in</strong> aspects <strong>of</strong> primary and secondaryschool<strong>in</strong>g, this is not reflected <strong>in</strong> higher education statistics, nor <strong>in</strong> later careerachievement figures. Other issues which have been highlighted <strong>in</strong> the research as be<strong>in</strong>gcurrent <strong>in</strong> <strong>Scottish</strong> schools <strong>in</strong>clude participation <strong>in</strong> particular subject areas; genderstereotyp<strong>in</strong>g and careers choice. In respect <strong>of</strong> the last <strong>of</strong> these, key issues for the careerachievement for women <strong>in</strong>clude the extent <strong>of</strong>, and limitations <strong>of</strong>, part-time work<strong>in</strong>g andlow pay compared <strong>to</strong> men.5.2 Current policies and strategiesIn the majority <strong>of</strong> local authorities and schools <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> the study, it was reported thatgender was one <strong>of</strong> a number <strong>of</strong> fac<strong>to</strong>rs <strong>of</strong> potential <strong>in</strong>equality addressed through broader<strong>in</strong>clusion policies, rather than an area for specific action. The local authorities’ views onwhat was happen<strong>in</strong>g at school level did not always match the reality <strong>in</strong> the schools. Forexample, although some authorities <strong>in</strong>dicated that all schools should have policystatements, they frequently did not. A very small number <strong>of</strong> authorities providedguidance for schools on address<strong>in</strong>g gender <strong>in</strong> the context <strong>of</strong> learn<strong>in</strong>g, teach<strong>in</strong>g andachievement.In the schools visited, most reported that they were guided by the authority’s <strong>in</strong>clusionpolicy, although a few had their own, local policy. Where there was a school-focusedpolicy, it tended <strong>to</strong> be <strong>in</strong> relation <strong>to</strong> the development <strong>of</strong> specific strategies, e.g. s<strong>in</strong>gle-sexclasses.Overall, there was no discernible pattern <strong>in</strong> authority or school policies with regard <strong>to</strong> theissue <strong>of</strong> gender <strong>in</strong> school<strong>in</strong>g. If it was acknowledged explicitly, it tended <strong>to</strong> be one <strong>of</strong> anumber <strong>of</strong> fac<strong>to</strong>rs <strong>to</strong> be addressed with<strong>in</strong> the <strong>in</strong>clusion agenda. The implementation <strong>of</strong>strategies was, <strong>in</strong> the ma<strong>in</strong>, a response <strong>to</strong> local ‘problems’ such as boys’underachievement or a lack <strong>of</strong> appropriate male/father role models. The pr<strong>in</strong>cipal area <strong>of</strong>concern with<strong>in</strong> schools was that <strong>of</strong> boys’ underachievement, particularly with regard <strong>to</strong>______________________________________________________________________________________<strong>Review</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Strategies</strong> <strong>to</strong> 45 University <strong>of</strong> Strathclyde<strong>Address</strong> <strong>Gender</strong> <strong>Inequalities</strong>and University <strong>of</strong> Glasgow
- Page 3 and 4: CONTENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTSEXECUTIVE S
- Page 5 and 6: EXECUTIVE SUMMARYIntroductionThe Re
- Page 7 and 8: Staff and management in most school
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- Page 11 and 12: CHAPTER ONE THE STUDYRecent researc
- Page 13 and 14: CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF THE LITERATUR
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- Page 17 and 18: Archer and Yamashita (2003) argue t
- Page 19 and 20: ii. Assessment practicesNational mo
- Page 21 and 22: Further efforts to ensure ‘effect
- Page 23 and 24: Skelton (2001) argues that the basi
- Page 25 and 26: were still highly gendered. Further
- Page 27 and 28: CHAPTER THREE SURVEY OF LOCAL AUTHO
- Page 29 and 30: curriculum structures and lifelong
- Page 31 and 32: ‘Getting the best out of Boys’
- Page 33 and 34: 4.2 Early literacyLiteracy, or, mor
- Page 35 and 36: that it was concerned, at least in
- Page 37 and 38: 4.3 Self-concept and esteemA number
- Page 39 and 40: to the boys, animal print designs a
- Page 41 and 42: parents and what they wanted. Overa
- Page 43 and 44: was a thrust in the policy towards
- Page 45 and 46: School 1In the first school, non-de
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- Page 49 and 50: Staff interviewed thought that a pa
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- Page 53: indicated that he believed there wa
- Page 57 and 58: Pupils were particularly aware of g
- Page 59 and 60: differences in the ways that boys a
- Page 61 and 62: Burn, E (2001) Do boys need male pr
- Page 63 and 64: Lloyd, G (ed.) (2005) Problem Girls
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- Page 67 and 68: APPENDIX 1 QUESTIONNAIRE FOR LOCAL
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- Page 75 and 76: Focus group schedule: pupilsThe the
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