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(b)(c)(d)Routes of drug administration its advantages and disadvantages.Pharmacokinetics: Drug solubility and passage of drug across thebiological membranes. Absorption, distribution, metabolism andelimination of drugs and factors affecting them. Variouspharmacokinetic parameters including volume of distribution (Vd),clearance (Cl), Biological half life (t1/2β) Bioavailability and variousfactors affecting it. Dose, Efficacy and potency of drugs.Hypersensitivity and Idiosyncratic reactions, drug tolerance anddependence. Drug interactions. Plasma protein binding.Pharmacodynamics: How drugs act? Receptors and their various typeswith special reference to their molecular structures. Cell surfacereceptors, signal transduction by cell surface receptors, signalingmediated by intra cellular receptors, target cell and hyper sensitization,Pharmacological effects not mediated by receptors (for exampleanesthetics and cathartics) Ion channel, enzymes, carrier proteinsDrug receptor interactions and theories of drug action. Agonist,antagonist, partial agonist, inverse agonist. Receptors internalizationand receptors co-localization. Physiological Antagonism,Pharmacological Antagonism (competitive and non-competitive),Neutralization Antagonism, Neurotransmission and neuro-modulation.Specificity of drug action and Factors modifying the action & dosageof drugs. Median lethal dose (LD:50), Median effective dose (ED:50)and Therapeutic Index, Dose-response relationships.2. DRUGS ACTING ON AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS)a. Organization of ANS its subdivisions and innervations.b. Neurotransmitters in ANS, their synthesis, release and fate.c. Sympathetic agonists: Catecholamines and Noncatecholamines.d. Sympathetic antagonists: Adrenergic receptor Blockers and neuronblockers.e. Parasympathetic (Cholinergic) agonists and cholinesterase enzymeinhibitors (anticholinesterases) Parasympathetic antagonists.f. Ganglion stimulants and Ganglion blockersg. Neuromuscular Blockers3. DRUGS ACTING ON GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT:a. Emetic and anti-emetics.b. Purgativesc. Anti-diarrheal agentsd. Treatment of Peptic & duodenal ulcer: Antacids, H2-Receptorantagonists, antimuscarinic agents, proton pump inhibitors,prostaglandin antagonists gastrin receptor antagonist andcytoprotective agents.34 | Pakistan Pharmacist Federation; www.pharmacistfed.pk,www.pharmafed.wordpress.com, www.pharmarev.com, info@pharmacistfed.pk,
e. Drug treatment of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases.f. Drugs affecting bile flow and Cholelithiasis.Note:1. Only an introduction will be given of the banned and obsolete drug products.2. While dealing with Pharmacology stress should be laid to the group actionsof related drugs and only important differences should be discussed of theindividual drugs placed in same group.3. Newly introduced drugs should be included in the syllabus while drugs withno clinical and therapeutic values ought to be excluded from syllabus at anytime.4. The prototype drugs in each group from the latest edition of therecommended books.PHARM 415 PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS -I [Lab.]Cr. Hr.: 01 Marks: 50NOTE:- Practical of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis ofthe theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Preparation ofstandard solution. Ringer solution. Tyrode solution. Kreb solution. Normalsaline solution. To demonstrate the effects of sympathomimetic (Adrenaline)&sympatholytic drugs (Propranolol) on Frog’s heart. To demonstrate theeffects of parasympathomimetic (Acetylcholine) and parasympatholytic(Atropine) drugs on Frog’s heart. To demonstrate the effects of an unknowndrug on Frog’s heart. Routes of Administration of drugs. To demonstate theeffects of vasconstrictor drugs on Frog’s blood vessels. To demonstrate theeffects of stimulant drugs on Rabbit’s intestine (Acetyl choline, Bariumchloride). To demonstrate the effects of depressant drugs on Rabbit’sintestine (Atropine). To differentiate the effects of an unknown drug onRabbit’s intestine and identify the (unknown) drug. To study the effects ofAdrenaline on Rabbit’s Eyes. To study the effects of Homatropine onRabbit’s Eyes. To study the effects of Pilocarpine on Rabbit’s Eyes. To studythe effects of Local Anaesthetic drug (e.g Cocaine) on Rabbit’s Eyes. Toidentify the unknown drug & differentiate its effects on Rabbit’s Eyes. Todemonstrate emetic effects of various drugs in pigeons.(Note: A minimum of 10 practicals will be conducted)Recommended Books:1. Goodman Gilman, Pharmacological basis of Therapeutics. 11 thEdMcGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 2008.2. Winguard and Brody's, Human Pharmacology, Mosby Year Book,Boston, 1991.3. James M Ritter and Lionel De Levis, A Text book of ClinicalPharmacology, 5 th EdOxford University Press, New York, 2008.4. R S Satorkar and S D Bhandarkar, Pharmacology and35 | Pakistan Pharmacist Federation; www.pharmacistfed.pk,www.pharmafed.wordpress.com, www.pharmarev.com, info@pharmacistfed.pk,
Page 1 and 2: NATIONAL CURRICULUM REVISIONCOMMITT
Page 5 and 6: The aims and objectives of Doctor o
Page 7 and 8: 14. To prepare pharmacy graduates f
Page 9 and 10: and its Applications in Pharmacy)[L
Page 11 and 12: DETAILS OF COURSES ( SEMESTER SYSTE
Page 13 and 14: PHARM 311 PHARMACEUTICS-I (Physical
Page 15 and 16: 9. Naser-ud-Din, Introduction to St
Page 17 and 18: Expression of Genetic Information,
Page 19 and 20: 2. STRUCTURE OF CELL: Cell Membrane
Page 21 and 22: Communications SkillsObjectives: En
Page 23 and 24: Experiments to demonstrate some of
Page 25 and 26: 1990.9. Naser-ud-Din, Introduction
Page 27 and 28: Hemorrhage and Other Causes of Hypo
Page 29 and 30: IS 402ISLAMIC STUDIESCr. Hr.: 01 Ma
Page 31 and 32: Publications New Delhi (1989)9) Dr.
Page 33: PHARM 413 PHARMACEUTICS-V (Pharmace
Page 37 and 38: j. Labiatae Peppermint, Thyme, Spea
Page 39 and 40: SECOND SEMESTERPS 403PAKISTAN STUDI
Page 41 and 42: NOTE:- Practicals of the subject sh
Page 43 and 44: i. Drugs used for cough (Anti-tussi
Page 45 and 46: 1. Drugs of Animal OriginGeneral in
Page 47 and 48: Frequency Table, Diagrams, Pictogra
Page 49 and 50: pharmaceutical students Churchill L
Page 51 and 52: anaesthetic drugs on human and the
Page 53 and 54: 5. Plant SteroidsIntroduction, extr
Page 55 and 56: Adenoma, Chondroma, Fibroma, Leomyo
Page 57 and 58: Aluminium Hydroxide, Ammonium Chlor
Page 59 and 60: of frog. To demonstrate the effects
Page 61 and 62: 6. Tumor Inhibitors from PlantsIntr
Page 63 and 64: • Components of a Computer• Com
Page 65 and 66: 1. INTRODUCTION(a) Role of Pharmaci
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Page 71 and 72: 14. Ronald D Schoenwald, Pharmacoki
Page 73 and 74: Distribution, Relationship between
Page 75 and 76: 4. A J Winfield, Pharmaceutical Pra
Page 77 and 78: . Factors: persistent, accumulation
Page 79 and 80: vaccines.5. MISCELLANEOUS DETERMINA
Page 81 and 82: 3. T V Ramabhadran, Pharmaceutical
Page 83 and 84: 1. R Z Hussain, The Manual of Drug
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NOTE:- Practical of the subject sha
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PHARM 722 PHARMACY PRACTICE-XIII (C
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3. The Pharmacy Act 1967.4. The Poi
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6. Block, Roche, Soine and Wilson.
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PHARM-D FIVE-YEAR COURSESCHEME OF S
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Paper 4 Pharmacy Practice -VI (Fore
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9. PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF HE
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c. Proteins and Amino acids: Brief
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3. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES:a. S
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2. Cooper and Gunns Tutorial Pharma
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Experiences, Motivation and Emotion
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5. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM: Nerve Mu
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(b)Spinal Cord — Meninges (C.S.F.
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1. DESCRIPTION OF STATISTICS: Descr
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Part: B, (Communications Skills)Obj
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1. Writing. Advanced by Ron White.
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effervescent, granulated salts. Har
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Parasympathetic antagonists.f. Gang
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(Note: A minimum of 20 practicals w
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Sources, structure, preparation, de
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Microbiology with special reference
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Objectives• Develop vision of his
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2 To enhance understanding of the s
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1) Basic Concepts of Islam & Scienc
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Chondroma, Fibroma, Leomyoma, Neofi
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Note:(a)(b)(c)(d)Pollution and its
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14. Pharmacology by Ran & Dell, 6 t
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(e) Phenolic volatile oils: Clove,
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their identification. Isolation and
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6. ROLE OF PHARMACIST: As Public He
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d. I.R. Spectroscopye. Mass Spectro
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F O U R T H P R O F E S S I O N A L
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16. NUCLEAR PHARMACY.17. THE PHYSIC
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I. Ensure continuity of pharmaceuti
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1. MASS TRANSFER.2. HEAT TRANSFER.3
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Delhi, 1986.4. Remington’s Pharma
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14. IN-VITRO-IN-VIVO CORRELATION (I
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5. QUALITY CONTROL OF STERILE PRODU
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F I N A L P R O F E S S I O N A LPH
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3. Tyagi, Textbook of Synthetic Dru
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Horwood Publishing limited, West Su
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NOTE:- Practical of the subject sha
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3. The Pharmacy Act 1967.4. The Poi
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5. Application of Computers in Hosp
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