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e-Business in the chemical, rubber and plastics industryincreased since 2003 (see Exhibit 3.3-6), even if a direct comparison of these figures isproblematic as the underlying survey question differs slightly. 84Exhibit 3.3-6: Percentage of companies placing orders to suppliers online20070 20 40 60 80 1002003 / 20070 20 40 60 80 100CRP (EU-7)ChemicalRubber & plastics0Small (10-49)70687158Small(10-49)Medium(50-249)3958507020032007Medium (50-249)Large (250+)7071Large(250+)5671GermanySpainFranceItalyPolandSwedenUK80626957537471Base (100%) = companies using computers from 7 EUcountries (2007) / 5 EU countries (2003).N (2007) = 811, N (2003) = 502.In % of firms.USA72Steel (EU-7)Furniture (EU-7)6664Base (100%) = companies using computers.N (Chemical, EU-7 and USA) = 911.Weighting: Figures for sector totals and countries areweighted by employment ("firms representing x% ofemployment in the sector / country"), figures for sizebandsin % of firms.Source: e-Business Surveys 2003 / 2007 by the SeBWA new finding compared to previous surveys is that the intensity of e-procurement activityhas increased – it is no longer a marginal activity. Back in 2003, 75% of those companiesin the CRP sector that used e-procurement said that they purchased only up to 5% oftheir total supplies online (see Exhibit 3.3-7). 85 This indicated that most companies wouldonly occasionally use e-procurement (e.g. for ordering office supplies), rather thanpractising e-procurement in a regular and systematic way. In 2007, the share of "lowusers" (with an e-procurement share of less than 5%) has decreased to 46%. 17% said8485The question in the e-Business Survey 2003 was slightly different compared to 2007. In 2007,companies where asked whether they "use the internet or other computer-mediated networks toplace orders for goods or services online". In 2003, the question was whether they "use theinternet or other computer-mediated networks to purchase goods or services online".Companies are asked to estimate how large a share of their total purchases (2003, 2005) /orders (2006, 2007) is conducted online.61
e-Business in the chemical, rubber and plastics industrythe e-procurement accounted for more than a quarter of their supply goods, compared toonly 4% in 2003.Exhibit 3.3-7: Average percentage of orders for supplies placed online (EU-7, 2003 / 2007)200720034%13%50%Reading example:"In 2007, firms representing 44% of employment (among those companies that place orders forsupplies online) said that their online orders accounted for up to 5% of their total orders fromsuppliers."Base (100%) = companies from 7 EU countries (2007) / 5 EU countries (2003) accepting orders online.N (2007) = 562 / N (2003) = 185. Weighting: Figures are weighted by employment.Source: e-Business Surveys 2003 / 2007 by the SeBWThere are different channels and technical solutions which companies can use for e-procurement. These are, of course, the same channels which companies use for sellingtheir products online, but have to be viewed from the perspective of the buyer. The mainchannels used for B2B trade in the CRP industries are briefly introduced in Section 3.5.1on e-commerce (see Exhibit 3.5-1). Even if the channels are the same, the way how thetransaction is processed on the buyer's and the seller's side can then be quite different.For instance, a small company may order supplies from a large supplier's website (or viathe supplier's extranet), as a way of communicating the order, without any digitalintegration of the preceding or subsequent processes that are related to this order. Onthe seller's side, however, the same order (which comes in through the website orextranet) might be processed automatically, if the sales system is part of a larger internalsystem for processing incoming orders until delivery.Notwithstanding these caveats, the findings demonstrate that B2B trade exchanges in theCRP industries are increasingly being conducted online. More companies have started toprocure raw materials and other supplies electronically. From the buyer's perspective, themain objective is normally to save costs, either by finding a cheaper supplier online, or–more importantly– by reducing processing costs. Elemica, an e-business intermediaryfacilitating B2B exchanges (see Section 3.4.2) estimates that e-procurement via itssystem leads to a 75% reduction in invoice errors, 60% in order processing time and 50%in payment processing time compared to manual, paper-based procurement processes(see Case study on Elemica, Section 5.3).62
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