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Thank you for your Attention405
Space Policy and Institutions in MalaysiaFatimah Yusro HashimLecturer, Faculty of LawNational University of MalaysiaThis paper will give an overview of space policy and institutions in Malaysia. However,before I go any further, it is best to explain the present status of Malaysia with regards to theUnited Nations Treaties and Principles on Outer Space. Despite studies and tremendous workand consultations done on the Outer Space treaties and conventions, Malaysia is only asignatory country to the Outer Space Treaty and the Rescue Agreement, while ratificationshave only been done on the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, the INTELSAT Agreement, theInternational Mobile Satellite Convention and the International Telecommunication Union(ITU) Convention. This means that Malaysia is not a party to any of the UN Outer SpaceTreaties and Principles, as yet.At this stage, it is obvious that Malaysia can be considered as new in space activities,since the first satellite successfully launched into orbit was in 1997, with the second satellitein the same year. Three years later, our micro-satellite, TiungSAT, was launched in the year2000. At present, Malaysia owns MEASAT-1 and MEASAT-2, which operate using payloadsfor telecommunication services; this is taken care of by several private companies, namely,ASTRO, BINARIANG and MAXIS. The latest satellite launched, TiungSAT-1, carries ascientific research payload. The TiungSAT-1 programme took Malaysia on a voyage oflearning, showing that it is not impossible for anybody to acquire skills in satellite design andconstruction with an adequate degree of confidence. We also discovered that to fully exploitspace-derived tools in the future, we would have to come up with our own spaceinfrastructure in order to solve our problems ourselves and not to depend on others (MazlanOthman, 2001).These lessons are invaluable when charting a path for a sustainable space programme forthe country, one that focuses on human resource development, R & D promotion, technologyadvancement, industrial extension, policy making and the ultimate use of space for acquiringand transmitting information. With the National Space Agency of Malaysia newly born on 1 stJuly 2002, the mandate to coordinate, administer and monitor all space activities in Malaysiawas handed to the Agency.In becoming party to the United Nations treaties on outer space, Malaysia should firstacquire full understanding of the contents of the treaties, their objectives, and their legalimplications for a High-Contracting Party and a Non-Contracting Party. We also have tostudy the advantages and disadvantages, if any, of being a High-Contracting Party to thosetreaties. This is to be attained through a methodical and thorough study of the treaties, andholding discussions with other High and Non-Contracting Parties regarding many mattersinvolved. The country also has to conduct a meticulous comparative study on existingdomestic laws applicable, so that the application of the United Nations treaties on outer spacewill not come into conflict with present rules and regulations.This subject matter is quite complex and it involves many competing issues, sinceratification of the treaties would not only have an impact on space activities in the country,but also on other matters as well. Different policies and their applications will have to beconsidered, and many ministries and parties will have to take part accordingly. Thus,becoming a party to the treaties is a highly delicate matter and needs intense study and activeparticipation by all parties concerned.406
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PROCEEDINGSUnited Nations/Internati
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ForewordThe proceedings of the Work
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Session 2: National space lawsThe A
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Opening StatementF.A.M. MajoorNethe
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Resolving Outer Space Related Dispu
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of the potential for widespread dam
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A unique feature of arbitrating und
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A second objective of this workshop
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international organizations of the
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was opened for signature on January
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space organizations have been made
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developing countries, briefly calle
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issues and objectives in this field
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In addition to regular items, some
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issue. And, the fourth suggestion m
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IThe liability convention is very e
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• Joint and several liability in
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This is also the case if we conside
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international designation number an
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The sequence of the Convention’s
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Joint United Nations/International
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The United Nations Register of Obje
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OPERATIVE PROVISIONS DEALING WITH R
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Note verbale dated 20 January 2000
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Note verbale dated 3 July 2000 from
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Note verbale dated 8 March 2001 fro
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Summary of Presentation• The ITU
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International Legal Regime for theM
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Relationship with UN LegalFramework
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The ITU Legal Regime for Space• C
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Article 44 of Constitution:• CS 1
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Overview of Processes1. Equitable a
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Some Problem Issues• Over filing
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Equity of Access• Concerns by dev
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United Nations / International Inst
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Why?general:• new methods of fina
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Who ?• manufacturers of satellite
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How ?• framework convention• Pr
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Space Protocol• assets out of rea
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“associated rights” - Art.I (2)
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The Supervisory Authority of the Re
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Situation end 2002• Convention ad
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EUMETSAT• Intergovernmental organ
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History cont’d• Secretariat- Fi
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Programmatic Development cont’d
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The EUMETSAT Convention• At first
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Lessons that could be learned• Le
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to invest, as well as being an acto
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Here document practice becomes easi
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The developing practice, due to the
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RICKY J. LEEThe Australian Space Ac
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Brazilian Launch Licensing and Auth
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It is worth noting that the same Ar
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specific space launching in the Bra
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Will the draft of law that the AEB
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5) Other Brazilian legal texts whic
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3) Departmental Regulations formula
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CNSAThe First AdministrativeRegulat
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CNSAHaving rapidly developed for ab
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CNSAThe Basic Legislation Mechanism
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CNSASpace Legislation in China‣ B
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CNSA‣ 16 articles consists of :1.
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CNSANational Registration Booklet-S
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CNSA-Within 60 days after the accom
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CNSAThank Youfor Your Attention !18
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- jurisdiction over space activitie
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and technique with a few central ac
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Annex IAct on Space Activities (198
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Russian SpaceLegislationUnited Nati
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The Role Of National Space Law•
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Institutional Structure President o
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Law “On Space Activity”Main imp
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RegistrationMandatory registration
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Liability Scope:- damage caused by
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ConclusionsCurrent trends to be put
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United Nations/International Instit
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The Outer Space Act1986• The Prin
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The main elements• Authorisation
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Right to recovercompensation• A s
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Shelter behind limitedliability?•
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Conclusion• Only modest thought w
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Capacity Buildingin Space LawPresen
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Space Act Origins -Political Climat
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Space Act Origins - CivilianSpace A
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Scope of theSpace Act Act carefully
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Section 203(a): NASA shall:Applicat
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Application ofSpace Act Section 203
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Application ofSpace Act Section 203
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International Cooperation Sec. 205:
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Application of Space Act Section 30
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U.S. Commercial Space Transportatio
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communications, qualifications of k
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INDIAN SPACE PROGRAMME&ITS POLICY D
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SPACE POLICY" ….. We are convince
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KEY ELEMENTS OF OUR STRATEGY• Jud
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EARTH OBSERVATION SYSTEMS"Science a
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1995/199719992003IRS-1C/1D LISS-3 (
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DRINKING WATERFOR NATIONBASE MAPLIT
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OFFGUJARATPOTENTIAL FISHINGZONE(IRS
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INDIAN NATIONAL SATELLITE SYSTEM(IN
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SPACE AND EDUCATIONVideo+AudioAudio
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Launcher DevelopmentAn inevitable c
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PSLV- C4 / METSAT MISSIONThe Sevent
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Space Sciences• Executive Arms :-
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ASTROSAT - FUTURE SPACE SCIENCEUV/O
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AT WHAT COST?ISRO SPENT AROUND $ 40
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Space Academia PartnershipObjective
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# ROORKEE#NEW DELHI#UJJAIN"# MUMBAI
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SPACE INDUSTRY POLICYPresent Policy
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COMMERCIAL ACHIEVEMENTSHigh Resolut
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The Past• Establishment & Dedicat
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INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION• Activ
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INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATIONSHARES :
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MISSIONS2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 200
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International Remote SensingLaw Arg
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International Remote Sensing Law Pr
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International Remote Sensing Lawand
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1986 U.N. Remote Sensing© Gabrynow
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1986 U.N. Remote SensingPrinciplesA
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The Outer Space Treatyand Remote Se
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The Liability Conventionand Remote
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International Remote Sensing LawQue
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One of the important aspects of the
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infrastructure directly communicati
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with other networks, stipulate pric
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takes a space resource for the bene
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4. REGULATION OF CONTENTNaturally,
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7.2 Conditions for Encouraging Priv
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Characteristics of Satellite Commun
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Encouraging Private Space Communica
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Encouraging Private Space Communica
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Policy and Regulatory Consideration
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Policy and Regulatory Consideration
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Insurance and Reinsurance Insurance
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History of Space Insurance1965: Ear
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Some Characteristics of Space Insur
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Space Insurance - Types of Coverage
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Launch CoveragePlaced in specialist
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In-Orbit Coverage IIHigher risk of
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Specialist Space Insurance Market I
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Third Party Liability Coverage II C
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So, what about the law ? No specifi
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Thank you for your attention.P. Rua
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IntroductionThe successful promotio
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Page 369 and 370: 5. Domestic Tax RulesBackgrounddome
Page 371 and 372: 6. Export Control of TechnologyBack
Page 373 and 374: 7. Insurance Coverage Principles -
Page 375 and 376: United Nations/International Instit
Page 377 and 378: Capacity Building in Space LawThe H
Page 379 and 380: What is Intellectual Property (IP)?
Page 381 and 382: Relevance of IP to SpaceActivities
Page 383 and 384: • 1967 Outer Space Treaty- No IPR
Page 385 and 386: Paris Convention Article 5 5ter•
Page 387 and 388: Protection of Databases• WIPO Cop
Page 389 and 390: Conclusion• IP is an essential pa
Page 391 and 392: Space Policy and Institutionsin the
Page 393 and 394: National Space Programme(2000~2015)
Page 395 and 396: National Space Programme(2000~2015)
Page 397 and 398: Ⅱ. Ⅱ. Space related government
Page 399 and 400: Space Organizations and Institution
Page 401 and 402: Space Organizations and Institution
Page 403 and 404: Major Space Programmes KOMPSAT-1 (K
Page 405 and 406: Major Space Programmes KITSAT-1, 2,
Page 407 and 408: Major Space Programmes KOREASAT-1,
Page 409 and 410: Major Space Programmes Korea Soundi
Page 411 and 412: Major Space Programmes Space Center
Page 413: National Space Law in Korea Present
Page 417 and 418: Educating the nation in space law a
Page 419 and 420: Indian Space Law and Policy:A Priva
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Page 423 and 424: Accordingly, the Department of Spac
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Page 431 and 432: MODERN SPACE ACTIVITIES• Dr. Vikr
Page 433 and 434: INVOLVEMENT OF PRIVATE SECTORIS AN
Page 435 and 436: INTERNATIONALRESPONSIBILITY FOR PRI
Page 437 and 438: SKELETAL PROVISIONS INNORMS,GUIDELI
Page 439 and 440: FUTURE COURSE OFACTION• Enactment
Page 441 and 442: ContentsINTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OFA
Page 443 and 444: What is ‘space law’? (2)INTERNA
Page 445 and 446: N.B.: ‘space activities’INTERNA
Page 447 and 448: Levels and standardisedformatsINTER
Page 449 and 450: Graduate coursesINTERNATIONAL INSTI
Page 451 and 452: The Leiden exampleINTERNATIONAL INS
Page 453 and 454: Special formatsINTERNATIONAL INSTIT
Page 455 and 456: Summer coursesINTERNATIONAL INSTITU
Page 457 and 458: Website & InternetrelatedtoolsINTER
Page 459 and 460: Scholarships - a few tips(1)INTERNA
Page 461 and 462: Scholarships -governmental actionIN
Page 463 and 464: foreign legal issues and law, rangi
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Presentation on the Educational Pro
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gained directly from such a step, s
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The link between ESA and ECSL is ev
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place at the ESA headquarters in Pa
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Both are more engineering oriented,
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The European Centre for Space Law (
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The need for an ECSLBy the end of t
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ECSL CharterArticle 2: 2• ECSL as
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The ECSL educational programme• A
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The ECSL educational programme• A
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Other ECSL activities• Organizati
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Conclusions : The results of ECSL12
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means promoting the distribution an
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Time does not permit me to give too
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national defense law, etc.). An ana
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ISU Activities in Space LawPhilippe
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ISU Programs• Master of Space Stu
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Depth“3-I” Education Concept (2
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Added Value (2): “3-I” Educatio
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Master of Space Studies (MSS)• Po
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Cooperation ISU / Univ. Paris 11Aft
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Annual International SymposiumA dif
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Status of Space Law, Policy and Ins
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5. - ConclusionArgentina has shown,
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The Teaching ofSpace Law- Argentine
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ArgentineExperience1950:I.N.D.A.E.1
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ArgentineExperience- Today:Name of
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ArgentineExperiencePrincipal Progra
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Dr. OscarFernandez BritalSchool of
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Satellite photograph from Argentina
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There is a need to know and to have
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The reasons and the diagnostic are
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As far as the IV CEA is concerned,
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13. Conscious of the progress made
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(c) Identify sources of funding fro
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egions. Morocco has also organized
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Capacities building in space lawCas
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The Royal Center for Remote Sensing
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Services to support users• The CR
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A particular importance to the COPU
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The awarenessMorocco continues its
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The technical needs UN or Agencies
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o The themes of the workshop The Un
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and to the participation of Slovak
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Space policy and institutionsUrugua
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Observations and Recommendations of
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D. Future WorkThe Government of the
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14:00 - 14:30 The International Tel
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WEDNESDAY20 NOVEMBER 2002SESSION 2N
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CONCLUSIONS OF THE WORKSHOPChair:V.
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Printed in AustriaV.03-87239—Sept
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