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Extending Seamless IP Multicast Edge-Coverage 938000007000001-hop-750kMMARP-750k1-hop-375kMMARP-375k1-hop-187kMMARP-187k600000Bandwidth (bps)50000040000030000020000010000005 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45Distance (m)Fig. 4. Effective data rate achieved at increasing distanceAs it is shown in Fig. 4, both approaches are able to deliver the transmittedbandwidth at short distances. For those cases the link-layer contention is lowand the signal quality is good enough.In the single-hop trials, due to the degradation of the signal strength withincreasing distance, the achieved bandwidth is lower as the distance increases.This is clearly assessed both for the achieved bandwidth and the packet deliveryratio in the ‘1-hop’ cases of Fig. 4, and Fig. 5. These results are basically theexpected behaviour as long as it is commonly known that (particularly in indoorscenarios) the signal strength usually decreases at a rate inversely proportionalto d 2 , d 3 and even in some cases d 4 in really bad indoor conditions. In our case,it is clearly shown that the bandwidth and packet delivery ratios rapidly drop tozero for distances around 30 m and beyond. As expected for the 1-hop dedicatedlink, given a fixed distance, the difference between the achieved bandwidth andthe one being used at the source is bigger at higher data rates.In the case of the multihop MMARP-based multicast ad hoc access network,it can be noticed that the performance at increasing distances degrades muchslower than 1/d 2 . This is because the average distance in each of the intermediatehops is lower than in the single-hop trial. Thus, the mean signal strength is higherand the achieved bandwidth and packet delivery ratio are higher as well.However, as Fig. 4 shows, MMARP only manages to achieve a 100% deliveryratio at distances at which only one or two of the MMARP nodes are needed.At a distances higher to 30m some packet losses come up. These losses aremainly due to the well-known hidden terminal problem which happens amongthe nodes MMARP 1, MMARP 2 and MMARP 3. As long as IEEE 802.11bdoes not implement layer 2 acknowledgements of multicast frames (as it does forunicast traffic), each time a collision happens the packet is lost.It is also particularly noticeable that the trial with the higher bandwidth inthe multihop case performs much worse than the others. This is because, dueto contention, the effective bandwidth, even in the ideal case, is lower than the
94 P.M. Ruiz et al.10.90.81-hop-750kMMARP-750k1-hop-375kMMARP-375k1-hop-187kMMARP-187k0.7Packet Delivery Ratio0.60.50.40.30.20.105 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45Distance (m)Fig. 5. Packet delivery ratio at increasing distance753,6 Kb/s generated by the source. When MMARP 1 receives a packet fromWWR and forwards it to MMARP 2, the effective bandwidth is reduced to halfof the original. One half of the channel is used for receiving the packet andthe other half for sending it. When MMARP 2 sends the packet to MMARP 3,the effective bandwidth is further reduced to a third of the original (in optimalchannel conditions). Leaving thus an effective bandwidth of 667 Kb/s (2/3 Mb/s)which is lower than the 753 Kb/s that the source is using.However, in the trials without that bandwidth limitation the MMARP protocolhas demonstrated to be able to deliver mostly 100% of the packets (evenin non-optimal channel conditions) without an impairment in the overhead orthe scalability of the protocol. The differences in the packet delivery ratio betweenthese two multihop cases are mainly due to the hidden terminal problem.At higher data rates, the probability of two packets actually colliding is higher.However, as the figure shows, the performance has not been severely degradedfor that reason. So, it is clear that the real limitation towards multicast ad hocaccess networks is mostly the IEEE 802.11b MAC layer, which is known not tobe very adequate for ad hoc networks. This demonstrates that, regarding theprotocol’s behaviour, having a higher number of nodes in the same radio link isnot an issue. Only nodes with the MF FLAG active will forward packets, andonly the best of all those nodes would be selected as a forwarder.5 Conclusions and Future WorkCurrently there is not a real solution to seamlessly support efficient IP multicastcommunications in future heterogeneous wireless scenarios. We present our solutionfor ad hoc networks extending fixed IP access networks. It consists of a novelarchitecture and a new multicast ad hoc routing protocol called MMARP. Thisapproach is the first to our knowledge being able to support seamless roaming
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Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2
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Samuel Pierre Michel BarbeauEvangel
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PrefaceAd Hoc Networks are wireless
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Program CommitteeG. Alonso, ETHZ, S
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XTable of ContentsResisting Malicio
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2 H. Dubois-Ferrière, M. Grossglau
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10 H. Dubois-Ferrière, M. Grossgla
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SAFAR: An Adaptive Bandwidth-Effici
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14 J. Doshi and P. Kilambiour proto
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16 J. Doshi and P. Kilambipacket th
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18 J. Doshi and P. Kilambibandwidth
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22 J. Doshi and P. Kilambiquery its
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24 J. Doshi and P. Kilambi4. David
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26 P. Narayan and V.R. SyrotiukThe
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28 P. Narayan and V.R. Syrotiuk2.2
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30 P. Narayan and V.R. Syrotiukrand
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34 P. Narayan and V.R. SyrotiukDSRA
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36 P. Narayan and V.R. Syrotiuk7. A
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38 L. Qin and T. Kunzthese two prot
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40 L. Qin and T. Kunzsidered broken
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A New Framework for Building Secure
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176 G. Calinescuof the UDG 2-hops a
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184 G. Calinescu< nodeID, pieceID,
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192 S.O. Krumke et al.1. From the g
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194 S.O. Krumke et al.The following
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206 S. PatilAvg. Aggregate Energy C
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208 S. PatilTable 1. Probability of
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210 S. Patilergy consumption of the
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280 B. Macabéo, S. Pierre, and A.
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284 A. Benslimane and A. BachirFig.
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3BerlinHeidelbergNew YorkHong KongL
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Series EditorsGerhard Goos, Karlsru
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Organizing CommitteeConference Co-c
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Table of ContentsSpace-Time Routing
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Author IndexAlonso, G. 104Bachir, A
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