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Proactive QoS Routing in Ad Hoc Networks 65Table 3. OPNET Model Parameter.OLSRHello Interval 0.5sParameters TC Interval 2sData Rate2 MbpsWirelessBuffer Size256000 bitsLANRetry Limit 7ParametersWireless LAN Propagation Range250 MThe OPNET simulation results are grouped into two sets: Basic Performance andQoS Performance (The data shown in this section are the average value from multipleruns.)Basic Performance – the basic performance is measured by a set of metrics used toevaluate most routing protocols: “Packet Delivery Ratio” and “End to End Delay”.Packet Delivery Ratio: percentage of packets that successfully reach the receivingnodes each second.End to End Delay: the average time between a packet being sent and being receivedQoS performance – metrics that relate to the bandwidth QoS routing studied in thispaper: “Error Rate” and “Bandwidth Difference”.Error Rate: the percentage of times the routing algorithms do not find the optimalbandwidth path.Bandwidth Difference: the average difference between the optimal bandwidth andthe detected non-optimal bandwidth in percentage.106.00%101.00%96.00%91.00%86.00%81.00%76.00%71.00%66.00%20m/s 10m/s 5m/s 1m/s 0m/sQoS 20% 66.89% 75.71% 84.66% 90.89% 98.15%QoS 40% 67.59% 79.21% 88.05% 94.31% 99.53%QoS 80% 72.05% 79.91% 89.46% 93.44% 97.58%Original 75.75% 82.30% 87.81% 96.34% 96.56%QoS 20%QoS 40%QoS 80%OriginalFig. 2. Packet Delivery Ratio under different movement patterns.Fig. 2 compares the packet delivery ratio of the 4 algorithms. From high movementto low movement, packet delivery ratio for all algorithms rises continuously. Withlower movement, the established links between the nodes have a lower probability ofbreaking, thus, there are less stale routes in the node routing tables, which results in ahigher ratio for correct packet delivery. In low movement scenarios (speed 5m/s,1m/s and 0m/s), the 4 algorithms achieve similar packet delivery ratio. However, inhigh movement scenario, the original OLSR protocol has higher packet delivery ratio
66 Y. Ge, T. Kunz, and L. Lamontthan the 3 QoS versions, especially with a speed of 20m/s where the performancedifference between the QoS versions of OLSR and the original OLSR protocol arestatistically significant. There are two main reasons:a. High Overhead: The original OLSR protocol concentrates on how to reduce theoverhead, and minimizes the MPR sets to reduce the TC messages flooding into thenetwork. However, the QoS versions of OLSR select the best bandwidth path, so intheir MPR selection mechanism, they select neighbors with high idle time as MPR,resulting in a larger MPR set than the original OLSR protocol. So more TC messagesare generated and relayed into the network by QoS OLSR versions. (See Fig. 3)For all algorithms, there are fewer TC messages sent at lower movement than athigher movement. This is because at lower movement, less TC messages are generatedto reflect topology changes. Also, 20% OLSR has the highest number of TCmessages generated and relayed, while the original OLSR protocol has the least numberof TC messages. Under the same speed, the difference of TC messages sent betweenthe original OLSR protocol and the 3 QoS OLSR versions comes from twoaspects:1. The original OLSR protocol only generates TC messages to reflect topologychange, while QoS OLSR versions also need to generate TC messages to reflectbandwidth change; with a lower bandwidth update threshold, more TC messagesare generated to reflect bandwidth change, causing the highest overhead in 20%OLSR2. QoS OLSR versions have larger MPR sets than the original OLSR protocol, somore TC messages are generated and relayed by the larger MPR sets. Among theQoS OLSR algorithms, 20% OLSR may select more MPRs than 40% and 80%OLSR. With the possibly larger MPR set, more TC messages are generated andrelayed by 20% OLSR than 40% OLSR and 80% OLSR.Fig. 3. Average TC message overhead in the network (in packets/s) for the 4 algorithms.With higher overhead introduced into the network, especially for the 20% OLSR athigher movement, the wireless media is more heavily loaded.b. Incorrect Routing Table: if there are overlapped two hop neighbors covered bymultiple MPRs, there is a high probability that TC packets collide at these neighbors,resulting in inaccurate routing tables. This problem happens in all 4 OLSR algorithms.But because of the different MPR selection mechanism, the QoS OLSR algorithmshave more overlapped two hop neighbors than the original OLSR protocol,causing more TC message collisions.
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Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2
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Samuel Pierre Michel BarbeauEvangel
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PrefaceAd Hoc Networks are wireless
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Program CommitteeG. Alonso, ETHZ, S
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XTable of ContentsResisting Malicio
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2 H. Dubois-Ferrière, M. Grossglau
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SAFAR: An Adaptive Bandwidth-Effici
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Towards Adaptive WLAN Frequency Man
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176 G. Calinescuof the UDG 2-hops a
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3BerlinHeidelbergNew YorkHong KongL
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Series EditorsGerhard Goos, Karlsru
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Organizing CommitteeConference Co-c
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Table of ContentsSpace-Time Routing
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Author IndexAlonso, G. 104Bachir, A
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