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Mobile Agents for Clustering and Routingin Mobile Ad Hoc NetworksMieso K. Denko and Qusay H. MahmoudDepartment of Computing and Information ScienceUniversity of GuelphGuelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada{denko,qmahmoud}@cis.uoguelph.caAbstract. A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a dynamic wireless networkthat can be formed without the need for any pre-existing infrastructure in whicheach node can act as a router. One of the main challenges in ad hoc networks isthe design of robust routing algorithms that adapt to the frequent and randomlychanging network topology. Organizing mobile nodes into manageable clusterscan reduce routing overhead and provide more scalable solutions. In this paperwe propose a mobile agent-based method for clustering and routing in mobilead hoc networks. All mobile nodes use two agents to perform routing and clusteringoperations. Using this method, reactive, proactive or hybrid routingschemes can be employed for intra-cluster and inter-cluster routing to improvethe performance of routing.1 IntroductionA mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a multihop wireless network in which mobilenodes can communicate with each other without the support of any pre-existing infrastructure.In this network environment, each node acts as router and can relay packetsto its neighbors. This type of network is characterized by limited bandwidth and batterypower, rapidly moving nodes and unpredictable topological changes. InMANETs, one of the main challenges is the design of adaptive and robust routingalgorithms.Routing protocols designed for traditional fixed networks are not suitable for mobilead hoc networks [13, 15, 20]. As a result, several routing protocols have recentlybeen proposed for MANETs (see for example [3, 4, 5, 8, 13, 15, 20]). These protocolscan be classified into three main categories: proactive, reactive and hybrid. Proactiverouting protocols update routes periodically or in response to some pre-definedevents. Reactive protocols compute routes on demand. Hybrid protocols use featuresof both reactive and proactive protocols [10]. The main advantage of hybrid protocolsis their flexibility in allowing the use of different routing mechanisms within andbetween clusters. Since the overhead for routing can grow faster than linearly as networksize increases [17], routing in a flat architecture faces a scalability problem.Several routing protocols based on clustering architecture have been proposed inrecent years (see for example [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 11, 12 15]).S. Pierre, M. Barbeau, and E. Kranakis (Eds.): ADHOC-NOW 2003, LNCS 2865, pp. 271–276, 2003.© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2003
272 M.K. Denko and Q.H. MahmoudAn important area of research is the application of mobile agents in mobile andwireless networks. A mobile agent is a software entity that can actively migrateamong nodes in a heterogeneous network interacting with other agents and serviceagents [9]. This is ideal for MANETs because mobile agents are capable of supportingasynchronous communication. As a result, several mobile agent-based projectshave been proposed. For example, a mobile agent-based routing protocol has beenrecently proposed in [19]. The protocol uses the combined benefits of traditional antbasedadaptive routing and the Ad-Hoc on Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routingprotocol to maintain node connectivity and perform routing.In this paper, we propose a mobile agent-based method for clustering and routingin MANETs. In this method, mobile agents are used to maintain clustering and routinginformation at each node in a distributed manner. The information maintained inthe routing table is used for intra-cluster and inter-cluster routing. Inter-clustering isperformed via the clusterhead.The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes the benefits ofclustering and mobile agents in MANETs. Section 3 presents the proposed agentbasedclustering and routing method. Finally, conclusions and future research workare presented in Section 4.2 Clustering and Mobile Agents in MANETsClustering is the partitioning of the network into small manageable groups of nodes.Clustering offers several advantages in mobile ad hoc networks. First, network partitioningimproves routing and mobility management [21]. It increases system capacity,reduces signaling and control overhead and minimizes network congestion. Thismakes the network more scalable and as a result can support a larger network size.Second, clustering stabilizes the network topology and provides a virtual infrastructurefor a dynamic network. The clusterhead acts as a base station for its cluster.Third, clustering helps to perform more efficient resource allocation. By assigningdifferent codes to each cluster, MAC resource management can be improved andwireless channels can be used efficiently [1, 7]. It also provides good power managementmechanisms. Clusters can be either distinct or overlapping. In the former, eachnode belongs to only one cluster while in the latter the neighboring clusters can have acommon node (gateway or access point) between them. In this paper we consider onlydistinct clusters.Several clustering algorithms have been proposed in the literature for groupingnodes into clusters [1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 17]. One of the earliest clustering algorithms is theLinked Cluster Algorithm (LCA) [1] proposed for mobile radio networks. The algorithmuses a distributed control mechanism for neighbor discovery and cluster formation.In this algorithm a node with the lowest ID becomes a clusterhead. In [7], theLowest-ID (LID) and another distributed clustering algorithm known as Highest-Connectivity (HC) were used for clustering nodes in a multicluster, multihop packetradio network architecture. In the HC algorithm, a node with the highest degree iselected as a clusterhead. A clustering algorithm that combines the LID and HC clusteringalgorithms was proposed in [2]. The experimental results indicated that thealgorithm generates a lower number clusterheads and gateways. In our approach, the
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Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2
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Samuel Pierre Michel BarbeauEvangel
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PrefaceAd Hoc Networks are wireless
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Program CommitteeG. Alonso, ETHZ, S
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