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Cartesian Ad Hoc Routing Protocols ⋆Larry Hughes, Kafil Shumon, and Ying ZhangDepartment of Electrical and Computer EngineeringDalhousie UniversityHalifax, Nova Scotia, B3J 2X4, Canada{larry.hughes,kshumon,yzhang}@dal.caAbstract. As ad hoc networks gain in popularity, some of their limitationsare becoming apparent, notably power and bandwidth restrictions.Consequently, it is necessary to utilize protocols that reduce power consumption,reduce traffic, and restrict flooding. In this paper, two adaptive,connectionless protocols and their supporting subsystems are described.The protocols, when used with directional antennas, can reducethe number of nodes involved in a transmission, thereby addressing theissue of power consumption and bandwidth utilization.Keywords: MANET, location awareness, direction awareness.1 IntroductionA mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodesthat are capable of communicating with each other without the use of a networkinfrastructure or any centralized communication [1]. Like most wirelessnetworks, a MANET is both power and bandwidth sensitive. Communication ina MANET poses special challenges because the network is infrastructureless andtopologically dynamic. Energy conservation also plays an important role in theperformance of ad hoc networks since most mobile hosts are battery operated.In a relatively dense network with many nodes lying between the source andthe destination, these two problems become even more prominent. A numberof MANET protocols have been proposed, including on-demand protocols forsaving bandwidth, such as DSR [2] and CBRP [3], and for power saving, suchas power-aware localized routing [4] and energy conserved routing [5].Cartesian Ad hoc Routing Protocols (CARPs) are a set of three adaptive,connectionless protocols that address the problems of routing and power consumptionin MANETs; they are loosely based on the Cartesian Routing Protocol[6]. Each protocol operates at the physical layer (using directional antennas) andthe network layer (through its adaptive protocols); all nodes are location anddirection aware. The protocols designed for CARP have three objectives: restrictflooding, reduce power consumption, and reduce traffic. Due to space restrictionsonly two of the protocols are presented in this paper.⋆ This research is supported by an Atlantic Innovation Fund research grant as part ofthe Computer Networks and Services Research programme.S. Pierre, M. Barbeau, and E. Kranakis (Eds.): ADHOC-NOW 2003, LNCS 2865, pp. 287–292, 2003.c○ Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2003
288 L. Hughes, K. Shumon, and Y. ZhangLocationDirection and LocationDeterminationLocationLocation andDirectionPKT Location PKT Transmission PKT Antenna PKTVerificationArea CreationSelectionFig. 1. CARP data flow diagram.2 CARPAll Cartesian Ad hoc Routing Protocols attempt to restrict transmission to thosenodes that lie between the source and the destination. First, a directional antennais used to create a bounding box with a horizontal beamwidth of 90 ◦ . Next, theprotocol is used to limit the number of forwarding nodes in the bounding box bycreating a transmission area. The source and destination nodes are at oppositeends of the transmission area; each node within the transmission area is referredto as an intermediate node. Acurrent node is a node that is forwarding a packet.Fig. 1 shows the CARP subsystems. When a source node is to transmita packet, it uses the Transmission Area Creation subsystem to determine thetransmission area. Antenna Selection is then employed to select the antennafacing the destination. The Location Verification subsystem of each intermediatenode determines whether the node is within the transmission area; if it is, thesteps used by the source node are repeated. This process continues until thepacket reaches the destination 1 .In addition to its payload, a CARP packet consists of the source address,the destination address, and transmission area information. At a minimum, thetransmission area information is the address of the current node (x c ,y c ).3 Transmission Area with Limiting AngleIf the transmission area has the same shape as the bounding box, unnecessarytransmissions may occur especially in dense network. To reduce the number ofpotential intermediate nodes in the transmission area, the following protocolattempts to restrict the size of the area by employing a limiting angle.The limiting angle, φ, defines the shape of the transmission area betweenthe current node, C, and the destination node, D, as shown in Fig. 2. Eachintermediate node forms an angle φ i with the current node and the destinationnode.1 Since the destination may move during a transmission, a circular expected zone iscreated [7]. Unless otherwise indicated, the expected zone and its related calculationsare beyond the scope of this paper.
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Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2
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Samuel Pierre Michel BarbeauEvangel
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PrefaceAd Hoc Networks are wireless
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Program CommitteeG. Alonso, ETHZ, S
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Proactive QoS Routing in Ad Hoc Net
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Page 312 and 313: Table of ContentsSpace-Time Routing
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