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Analyzing Split Channel Medium Access Control Schemes 135g(w) =s n (w) − e d as n →∞ ,where e d = ∑ ∞i=1 e−iA g((2i +1)t) is the discretization error. Then, g(w) can beapproximated by the s n (w) sequence as:g(w) ≈ s n (w) = eA/2w{12 W ∗ ( A n2w )+ ∑i=1( ) } A +2iπj(−1) i Re(W ∗ ), (9)2wwhere A is a positive constant s.t. W ∗ (s) has no singular points on or to the rightof the vertical line s = A/(2w) and Re(W ∗ )(s) is the real part of W ∗ (s) whens is substituted by a complex number x + yj. In (9), n represents the degreeof discretization of g(w), i.e., the larger the value of n is, the more accuratethe estimation of g(w) bys n (w) is. In the numerical results shown later, wefound that n = 30 provides accurate enough results when compared with oursimulation results.If |g(w)| ≤1, the error is bounded by [13]|e d |≤ e−A1 − e −A .When A ≥ 18.5, the discretization error is 10 −8 . The constant A can be furtherincreased to improve the accuracy of the result.4 Numerical and Simulation ResultsWe present our numerical and simulation results in this section. The availablechannel data rate is 1 Mbps and the control packet length is 48 bits 3 . Oursimulation, written in C language, implements a network with 50 nodes, whichare in the range of each other.Fig. 3 depicts our numerical results of g(w) for pure ALOHA-based MACschemes and according to (5) and (9). We observe from this figure that, whennormalized traffic load (G) is small, g(w) decreases with the increase of w. AsG increases, there is a knee in g(w) around w = 2, where the decline of g(w)suddenly slows down.These numerical results can be verified at w = 0. The pdf of the contentionresolution period w at w = 0 can be calculated as the pdf that exactly one RTSpacket is sent out at w = 0 multiplied by the probability that no other RTSpackets are transmitted on the control subchannel in the next unit time, i.e.,g(0) = Ge −Gw∣ ∣w=0 · e −G·1 = Ge −G .ForG =0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, and 2.00,g(0) is 0.1947, 0.3033, 0.3543, 0.3679, and 0.2707, respectively. These resultsmatch exactly those shown in Fig. 3.Fig. 4 depicts our numerical results of expected waiting time on the datasubchannel, w 2 , of the pure ALOHA-based MAC-2R scheme. These results are3 Of course, these system parameters may be changed. However, our results suggestthat the conclusions for different parameters’ values remain unchanged.
136 J. Deng, Y.S. Han, and Z.J. HaasProbability Density Function, g(w)0.40.350.30.250.20.150.1G=0.25G=0.5G=0.75G=1.0G=2.00.0500 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20Contention Resolution Period, wFig. 3. Probability density function of W , g(w), with different G for MACschemes76L d= 1024L d= 2048L d= 4096Expected waiting time, w 25432100 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5Ratio of control channel over entire channel, rFig. 4. Expected waiting time on the data subchannel, w 2 , for MAC-2Rcalculated according to (6) and the pdf obtained through numerical calculationsfor different network settings. To minimize w 2 and maximize the throughput ofthe MAC-2R scheme, we choose normalized traffic load G =0.5 in the calculationof g(w). In these results, the control packet length (L c ) is fixed at 48 bits, whilethe data packet length (L d ) takes on the values of: 1024, 2048, and 4096 bits toillustrate different operational overheads of the control packets.As shown in Fig. 4, the expected waiting time on the data subchannel decreasesexponentially as r increases. Furthermore, this decrease is much fasterwhen k = L dL cis larger. Thus, for the same value of r, the expected waiting timeon the data subchannel is significantly shorter in networks with larger k. This isdue to a much longer data packet transmission time, δ. From this figure, we canalso confirm the non-zero expected waiting time when r is chosen as the optimalvalue of r ∗ = w+2w+2+k, as shown in (8). The non-zero expected waiting time onthe data subchannel leads to an inferior performance of the MAC-2R scheme,compared to the performance of the MAC-1 scheme.
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Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2
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Samuel Pierre Michel BarbeauEvangel
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PrefaceAd Hoc Networks are wireless
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Program CommitteeG. Alonso, ETHZ, S
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XTable of ContentsResisting Malicio
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50 M. Diha and S. Pierrethe propose
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3BerlinHeidelbergNew YorkHong KongL
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Series EditorsGerhard Goos, Karlsru
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Organizing CommitteeConference Co-c
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Table of ContentsSpace-Time Routing
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Author IndexAlonso, G. 104Bachir, A
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