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On-demand Routing in MANETs 45significantly by using a new threshold. The negative results of PDR for low β valuesare because of sparse node density, and limited Route Reply messages are reducedfurther by new threshold. When β=2.5, the packet latency under DSR increases. Thisis because the average PDR in the original DSR is very low, and delivered packetsunder our modifications are often several hops away. Considering the average transmissionrange is 80 meters, some packets may need more than 10 hops to reach thedestinations. This longer route contributes to the longer latency.Fig. 2. PDR (left) and Total Control Messages (right) for Different Mobility PatternsFig. 3. Average Hop Counts (left) and Average Packet Delay (right) for Different MobilityPatternsFig. 4. PDR (left) and Total Control Messages (right) for Different Beta Values
46 L. Qin and T. KunzFig. 5. Average Hop Counts (left) and Average Packet Delay (right) for Different Beta ValuesDifferent mobility patterns do not show an apparent impact on the packet deliveryratio. The shadowing effect is the main cause for the reduced PDR. For DSR, theaverage improvement for PDR is at least 31 percentage points and 24 percentagepoints for AODV. For total number of control messages, the new threshold can reduceat least 77% for DSR, and 65% for AODVFor different mobility patterns and different β values, AODV has higher packet deliveryratio than DSR with and without the new threshold. Part of the reason is that inDSR a node can reply to a Route Request from its route cache. Though the newthreshold has blocked the weak links, the rest of the route still cannot be verified.Under a shadowing model, the cached routes are more likely out of date.When the new threshold is applied, the route reply ratio decreases rapidly, especiallyin DSR, as low as one tenth of original DSR’s. This means that a number of weaklinks have been blocked. Also, DSR has higher route reply ratio than AODV, becausein DSR nodes are set in promiscuous mode, so that they can copy the routes from thepackets to their route caches.The average hop count increases faster in AODV than in DSR with the newthreshold, but its average packet latency is comparable to DSR. This is because ofDSR’s salvaging mechanism. A node might try several times to send a packet to thenext hop, if it failed, then it will try another route in its route cache to send the packet.The packet delivery rate decreases with increasing β value, which means shortertransmission range. A packet requires more hops to reach the destination and it hashigher possibility to drop because of the power fluctuation.5 Conclusions and Future WorkWith a shadowing model, the signal strength will fluctuate by several order of magnitudes,so the links appear to become unstable. The consequence is decreased packetdelivery ratio, increased control messages and longer packet latency. In this paper, wepropose a new signal strength threshold applied in the Route Discovery process toselect reliable links, then the route can resist to fluctuation caused by shadowing effect.Also unnecessary control messages are eliminated for DSR. After these modificationsto DSR and AODV, in most cases the packet delivery ratio significantly increasesand the number of control messages and packet latency are considerablyreduced.
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Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2
Page 4 and 5: Samuel Pierre Michel BarbeauEvangel
Page 6: PrefaceAd Hoc Networks are wireless
Page 9 and 10: Program CommitteeG. Alonso, ETHZ, S
Page 11 and 12: XTable of ContentsResisting Malicio
Page 13 and 14: 2 H. Dubois-Ferrière, M. Grossglau
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94 P.M. Ruiz et al.10.90.81-hop-750
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A Uniform Continuum Model for Scali
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100 E.W. Grundke and A.N. Zincir-He
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102 E.W. Grundke and A.N. Zincir-He
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Probabilistic Protocols for Node Di
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106 G. Alonso et al.A node discover
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108 G. Alonso et al.frequency alloc
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112 G. Alonso et al.and therefore,
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114 G. Alonso et al.complicated. Fo
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118 F. Gamba, J.-F. Wagen, and D. R
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130 J. Deng, Y.S. Han, and Z.J. Haa
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Preventing Replay Attacks for Secur
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142 J. Zhen and S. SrinivasTraffic
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144 J. Zhen and S. SrinivasFig. 2.
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146 J. Zhen and S. Srinivasbeginnin
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A New Framework for Building Secure
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176 G. Calinescuof the UDG 2-hops a
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184 G. Calinescu< nodeID, pieceID,
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206 S. PatilAvg. Aggregate Energy C
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218 T. Chu and I. Nikolaidis1.8E+09
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220 T. Chu and I. Nikolaidis2.0E+10
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3BerlinHeidelbergNew YorkHong KongL
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Series EditorsGerhard Goos, Karlsru
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Organizing CommitteeConference Co-c
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Table of ContentsSpace-Time Routing
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Author IndexAlonso, G. 104Bachir, A
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