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5 Related WorkDelivering Messages in Disconnected Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 81The problem of message delivery among disconnected Mobile Ad-Hoc Networksis not new to the research community. In particular, the idea of using intermediatenodes to relay messages among disconnected hosts has also been proposedearlier by Li and Rus [7]. Different research groups have approached the problemof delivery in a disconnected network from the perspective of different MANETapplications and hence have come up with different solutions. Karumanchi et.al. [8] describe the problem of network partitioning in a MANET formed bya group of firefighters involved in a firefighting mission. Each firefighter is requiredto update its location information to servers in the network and must beable to obtain location information of other firefighters by querying the servers.Their solution employs quorum-based strategies to update and query informationin a partitioned network. Wang and Li [9] describe the problem of networkpartitioning among group of mobile nodes that are requesting and downloadinginformation on demand from a centralized service. Their goal is to provideservice coverage even when the network is partitioned by replicating the serviceto appropriate nodes before a partition takes place. They employ a partitionprediction scheme to predict partitioning in the network before it occurs [12].Li and Rus [7] consider the problem of network partitioning in a domain whereit is possible to instruct mobile nodes to change their trajectories, such as in arobotic network where a team of robots is deployed to perform sensing tasks ina remote or hazardous environment.6 Future WorkWe have not reseached the parameter space completely, we plan to run moresimulations and determine the sensitivity of our protocol to more parameters. Weare also considering several extensions and improvements to our basic scheme.These are described in the next subsections.6.1 Reducing OverheadThe network overhead seems to override the benefit of replication in our protocolwhen the number of nodes is large. We are working on several approaches tosolve this problem. One of them is to use a cache to buffer the neighbour listsof neighbouring nodes as it seems wasteful to ask for neighbour lists for eachmessage. A cache entry containing the neighbour list of a mobile node would bevalid for a short period of time and all neighbour list requests sent to the mobilenode within that period will be serviced from the cache. This can help reduceneighbour list request and reply traffic in the network. But this would raise otherissues; specifically, the status information provided by a neighbour in a NBREPmessage would be lost. It is to be evaluated how much of a trade-off this is betweenreducing overhead and accuracy. Another approach to reduce neighbourlist request traffic is to broadcast the NBREQ message. One approach to reduce
82 R. Shah and N.C. Hutchinsonthe route search messages is to limit the number of route search messages initiatedby a node every FIND DST INTERVAL. Again it is to be evaluated howmuch of a trade-off this is between throughput and reducing overhead.6.2 Nodes with GPS ReceiversIn our algorithm when a node tries to select neighbourhood nodes to hold itsmessage, it selects those that are not close to each other (separated by an angulardistance of more than 60 degrees). But it is possible that two nodes positionedfar apart in the neighbourhood could be heading towards the same destination.It is not possible to eliminate such cases unless the node running the algorithmknows the direction of the movement of the neighbouring nodes. If all the nodesare equipped with GPS receivers then it is possible for them to know their locationinformation. The nodes can periodically relay this information to theirneighbouring nodes by piggybacking it on the local broadcast messages and otherunicast messages. The periodically arriving location information from the neighbourscan help a node to compute a neighbour’s speed and more importantly,its direction of movement. A node can then use this information to select appropriatenodes, i.e., the elimination criterion can change from nodes placed closelyto each other to nodes moving in almost the same direction.7 ConclusionWe have demonstrated a simple algorithm to deliver messages in disconnectedMobile Ad-Hoc networks. Our scheme does not entail any extra requirementson the present routing algorithms. The only requirement is a local broadcastmechanism used to discover the neighbours of nodes. Such a mechanism is usedin some of the current routing protocols. We have presented results obtainedfrom simulating our scheme.References1. E. M. Royer and C-K. Toh, “A Review of Current Routing Protocols for Ad-HocMobile Wireless Networks”, IEEE Personal Communications Magazine, April 1999,46-552. C. E. Perkins and P. Bhagwat, “Highly Dynamic Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing (DSDV) for Mobile Computers,” in SIGCOMM’94, 19943. D. B. Johnson and D. A. Maltz, “Dynamic Source Routing in Ad Hoc WirelessNetworks,” Mobile Computing, 1996. Kluwer Academic Publishers4. C. E. Perkins and E. M. Royer, “Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing,”in 2nd IEEE Workshop. Mobile Comp. Sys. and Apps., , Feb 1999, 90-1005. J. Broch, D. A. Maltz, D. B. Johnson, Y.-C. Hu, and J. Jetcheva, “A performancecomparison of multi-hop wireless ad hoc network routing protocols”. In MobileComputing and Networking, 1998, 85-97
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Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2
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Samuel Pierre Michel BarbeauEvangel
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PrefaceAd Hoc Networks are wireless
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Program CommitteeG. Alonso, ETHZ, S
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XTable of ContentsResisting Malicio
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3BerlinHeidelbergNew YorkHong KongL
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Series EditorsGerhard Goos, Karlsru
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Table of ContentsSpace-Time Routing
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Author IndexAlonso, G. 104Bachir, A
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