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Resisting Malicious Packet Dropping in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks 161detected as forwarding level misbehavior. Therefore, it will decrease when the nodemotion becomes slower.Packet Delivery Rate. The graph of packet delivery rate (Figure 1.c) has two curvesand they represent the throughput of standard DSR and the DSR with the extensionof the probing technique. The graph demonstrates that the DSR with the probing techniqueextension always performs better than the standard DSR. This is in line with ourexpectation since the bad nodes which failed in forwarding packets are removed fromthe routing cache. The result is that good paths are used for transmitting packets.We can also see from the graphs that packet delivery rate sometimes is higher whenthere is a higher percentage of BAD nodes than when there is a lower percentage ofBAD nodes. This is contrary to the common expectation. As explained in [19], therandomness of NS-2 results in this effect due to the fact that route replies may arriveat nodes in different orders in different runs. Therefore, a node may choose a path withBAD nodes in one run but choose a good path in another run.Overhead. As shown in Figure 1.d, the routing overhead is increased significantlywhen the network topology changes faster or there is a high percentage of BAD nodesin the network. In both scenarios, a large number of probe messages have to be sentout to finalize the node states. The overhead can be reduced dramatically if probingmessages piggyback normal data packets.6 ConclusionWireless ad hoc networks are vulnerable to various types of DoS attacks. We presenteda distributed probing technique to detect and migitate the malicious packet droppingattack in MANETs. We implemented the probing technique in NS-2 with wireless extensions.Our experiments show that in a moderately changing network, the probingtechnique can detect most of the malicious nodes with a relative low false positive rate.The packet delivery rate can also be increased if the node state information is sharedwith routing cache. We think the probing technique is of practical significance since itcan be implemented independently from routing software and does not require modificationto the existing infrastructure. The disadvantage of the probing technique is that itgenerates relatively high network routing overhead if probe messages do not piggybackdata packets.References1. ANSI/IEEE std 802.11. Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer(PHY) specification, 1999.2. B. Awerbuch, D. Holmer, C. Nita-Rotaru, and H. Rubens. An On-Demand Secure RoutingProtocol Resilient to Byzantine Failures. In ACM Workshop on Wireless Security (WiSe),September 2002.3. S.M. Bellovin, M. Leech, and T. Taylor. ICMP Traceback Messages. Internet draft: draftietf-itrace-03.txt,January 2003.
162 M. Just, E. Kranakis, and T. Wan4. K.A. Bradley, S. Cheung, N. Puketza, B. Mukherjee, and R.A. Olsson. Detecting DisruptiveRouters: A Distributed Network Monitoring Approach. In Proceedings of the IEEE Symposiumon Research in Security and Privacy, pages 115-124, May 1998.5. S. Buchegger and J.Y. Le Boudec. Performance Analysis of the CONFIDANT Protocol (CooperationOf Nodes - Fairness In Dynamic Ad-hoc NeTworks) In Proceedings of the ThirdACM International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing, (MobiHoc2002), June 2002.6. H. Burch and H. Cheswich. Tracing anonymous packets to their approximate source. InProceedings of USENIX LISA. pages 319-327, New Orleans, LA, December 2002.7. S. Cheung. An Efficient Message Authentication Scheme for Link State Routing. In Proceedingsof the 13th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference, San Diego, California,USA, December 1997.8. S. Cheung and K. Levitt. Protecting routing infrastructure from denial of service using cooperativeintrusion detection. In Proceedings of New Security Paradigms Workshop, GreatLangdale, Cumbria, UK, September 1997.9. B.P. Crow, I.K. Widjaja, G. Jeong, and P.T. Sakai. IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local Area Networks.IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 35, No. 9: pages 116-126, September 1997.10. A. Habib, M. Hefeeda, and B. Bhargava. Detecting Service Violations and DoS Attacks.In Proceedings of 2003 Internet Society Symposium on Network and Distributed SystemSecurity (NDSS’03), San Diego, California, USA. February 2003.11. Y.C. Hu and D.B. Johnson. Caching Strategies in On-Demand Routing Protocols for WirelessAd Hoc Networks. In Proceedings of the Sixth Annual IEEE/ACM International Conferenceon Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom 2000), pages 231-242, August 2000.12. Y.C. Hu, A. Perrig, and D.B. Johnson. Ariadne: A Secure On-Demand Routing Protocol forAd Hoc Networks. In Proceedings of the Eighth ACM International Conference on MobileComputing and Networking (MobiCom 2002), September 23-28, 2002.13. Y.C. Hu, D.B. Johnson, and A. Perrig. Secure Efficient Distance Vector Routing Protocol inMobile wireless Ad Hoc Networks. In Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE Workshop on MobileComputing Systems and Applications (WMCSA 2002), June 2002.14. Y.C. Hu, A. Perrig, and D.B. Johnson. Efficient Security Mechanisms for Routing Protocols.In Proceedings of 2003 Internet Society Symposium on Network and Distributed SystemSecurity (NDSS’03), San Diego, California, USA. February 2003.15. D. Johnson and D.A. Maltz. Dynamic Source Routing in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks. InMobile Computing, chapter 5, pages 153-181. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996.16. D. Johnson, D.A. Maltz, Y.C. Hu, and J.G. Jetcheva. The Dynamic Source Routing Protocolfor Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (Internet-Draft). Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) WorkingGroup, IETF, February 2002.17. G.M. Jones. The Case for Network Infrastructure Security. ;logon: The Magazine ofUSENIX and SAGE. pages 25-29, Volume 27, Number 6, December 2002.18. K. Fall and K. Varadhan, editors. The ns Manual (formerly ns Notes and Documentation).April 14, 2002. http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/doc/index.html19. S. Marti, T.J. Giuli, K. Lai, and M. Baker. Mitigating Routing Misbehavior in Mobile AdHoc Networks. In Proceedings of the Sixth Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference onMobile Computing and Networking (MOBICOM 2000), August 2000.20. V.N. Padmanabhan and D. R. Simon. Secure Traceroute to Detect Faulty or Malicious Routing.In ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Hot Topic in Networks (HotNets-I), October 2002.21. C.E. Perkins, E. M. Royer, and S.R. Das. Ad Hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV)Routing (Internet-Draft). June 2002.22. R. Perlman. Network Layer Protocols with Byzantine Robustness. PhD thesis, MassachusettsInstitute of Technology, August 1988.
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Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2
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Samuel Pierre Michel BarbeauEvangel
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PrefaceAd Hoc Networks are wireless
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Program CommitteeG. Alonso, ETHZ, S
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XTable of ContentsResisting Malicio
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2 H. Dubois-Ferrière, M. Grossglau
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10 H. Dubois-Ferrière, M. Grossgla
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SAFAR: An Adaptive Bandwidth-Effici
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14 J. Doshi and P. Kilambiour proto
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16 J. Doshi and P. Kilambipacket th
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18 J. Doshi and P. Kilambibandwidth
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20 J. Doshi and P. Kilambi5 Simulat
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22 J. Doshi and P. Kilambiquery its
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24 J. Doshi and P. Kilambi4. David
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26 P. Narayan and V.R. SyrotiukThe
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28 P. Narayan and V.R. Syrotiuk2.2
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30 P. Narayan and V.R. Syrotiukrand
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32 P. Narayan and V.R. Syrotiukenti
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34 P. Narayan and V.R. SyrotiukDSRA
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36 P. Narayan and V.R. Syrotiuk7. A
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38 L. Qin and T. Kunzthese two prot
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40 L. Qin and T. Kunzsidered broken
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42 L. Qin and T. KunzP = Prdlog( )
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46 L. Qin and T. KunzFig. 5. Averag
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48 L. Qin and T. Kunz6. J. Broch et
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50 M. Diha and S. Pierrethe propose
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52 M. Diha and S. Pierre3. All proc
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54 M. Diha and S. Pierre3.3 Perform
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56 M. Diha and S. PierreCmip/Cprop0
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58 M. Diha and S. PierreThe tunneli
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Proactive QoS Routing in Ad Hoc Net
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62 Y. Ge, T. Kunz, and L. LamontFig
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64 Y. Ge, T. Kunz, and L. Lamontits
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66 Y. Ge, T. Kunz, and L. Lamonttha
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68 Y. Ge, T. Kunz, and L. Lamontwhi
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70 Y. Ge, T. Kunz, and L. Lamontver
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Delivering Messagesin Disconnected
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74 R. Shah and N.C. Hutchinson3.1 T
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76 R. Shah and N.C. Hutchinsonset c
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78 R. Shah and N.C. HutchinsonTable
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80 R. Shah and N.C. HutchinsonOracl
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82 R. Shah and N.C. Hutchinsonthe r
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Extending Seamless IP Multicast Edg
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86 P.M. Ruiz et al.Section 4 presen
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88 P.M. Ruiz et al.Access NetworkCo
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90 P.M. Ruiz et al.Access NetworkR
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92 P.M. Ruiz et al.MIGAccess Networ
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94 P.M. Ruiz et al.10.90.81-hop-750
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A Uniform Continuum Model for Scali
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98 E.W. Grundke and A.N. Zincir-Hey
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100 E.W. Grundke and A.N. Zincir-He
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102 E.W. Grundke and A.N. Zincir-He
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Probabilistic Protocols for Node Di
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106 G. Alonso et al.A node discover
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108 G. Alonso et al.frequency alloc
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214 T. Chu and I. Nikolaidisaim at
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216 T. Chu and I. Nikolaidis12: end
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218 T. Chu and I. Nikolaidis1.8E+09
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220 T. Chu and I. Nikolaidis2.0E+10
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222 T. Chu and I. Nikolaidisattack
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224 F.J. Molina, J. Barbancho, and
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260 S. Bhadra and A. Ferreirathe mo
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262 S. Bhadra and A. FerreiraIn thi
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264 S. Bhadra and A. FerreiraDefini
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266 S. Bhadra and A. FerreiraThis s
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268 S. Bhadra and A. FerreiraTheore
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270 S. Bhadra and A. Ferreira4. T.
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272 M.K. Denko and Q.H. MahmoudAn i
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274 M.K. Denko and Q.H. Mahmoud3.1
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276 M.K. Denko and Q.H. Mahmoud5. D
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278 B. Macabéo, S. Pierre, and A.
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280 B. Macabéo, S. Pierre, and A.
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282 A. Benslimane and A. BachirIn [
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284 A. Benslimane and A. BachirFig.
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286 A. Benslimane and A. Bachir5 Co
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288 L. Hughes, K. Shumon, and Y. Zh
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3BerlinHeidelbergNew YorkHong KongL
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Series EditorsGerhard Goos, Karlsru
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Organizing CommitteeConference Co-c
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Table of ContentsSpace-Time Routing
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Author IndexAlonso, G. 104Bachir, A
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