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Extending Seamless IP Multicast Edge-Coverage 95from multicast nodes (including traditional IP multicast hosts) between traditionalIP multicast networks and ad hoc network extensions. In the authors’ oppinion,in addition to the proposed solution, it is also an important contributionthe demonstration through empirical experimentation that this kind of extensionsdriven by MMARP are able to easily extend IP multicast edge-coveragein a cost-effective way, without an impairment in the overall throughput. Theresults show that even at distances which the traditional single-hop approach isnot able to cover, the multihop option offers more than a 98% packet deliveryratio.For future work, we are working towards the analysis of the approach inhybrid ad hoc networks (e.g. mixed WLAN, Bluetooth scenarios), and withdifferent layer 2 protocols to improve the performance of the IEEE 802.11bMAC layer.AcknowledgementsThis work has been partially funded by Spanish MCYT by means of the projectsISAIAS(TIC2000-0198-P4-04) and SAM(TIC2002-04531-C04-04).References1. IST-MIND Official Web site. [On-line] http://www.ist-mind.org/2. Fenner, W.: Internet Group Management Protocol, Version 2. IETF Request ForComments, RFC 2236, November, 1997.3. Estrin, D., Farinacci, D., Helmy, A., Thaler, D., Deering, S., Handley, M., Jacobson,V., Liu, C., Sharma P, Wei, L.: Protocol Independent Multicast Sparse Mode (PIM-SM): Protocol Specification. RFC 2362, June 1998.4. Garcia-Luna-Aceves, J.J., Madruga, E.L.: The Core Assisted Mesh Protocol. IEEEJSAC, Vol 17, No. 8, August 1999, pp.1380–1394.5. Lee, S.-J., Su, W., Gerla, M.: On-Demand Multicast Routing Protocol in MultihopWireless Mobile Networks. ACM/Kluwer Mobile Networks and Applications, 2000.6. Jetcheva, J.G., Johnson, D.B.: Adaptive Demand-Driven Multicast Routing inMulti-Hop Wireless Ad Hoc Networks. Proceedings of the 2001 ACM InternationalSymposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing, ACM, Long Beach, CA,(October 2001): 33–447. H. Lei and C.E. Perkins. Ad Hoc Networking with Mobile IP. In Proceedings of theSecond European Personal Mobile Communications Conference, October 1997, pp.197–202.8. Ruiz, P.-M., Brown, G., Groves, I.: Scalable Communications for Ad hoc Extensionsconnected to Mobile IP Networks. Proceedings of the (PIMRC’2002). Lisbon,September, 2002. Vol. 3, pp. 1053–1057.
A Uniform Continuum Model for Scalingof Ad Hoc NetworksErnst W. Grundke and A. Nur Zincir-HeywoodFaculty of Computer Science, Dalhousie University6050 University Avenue, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 1W5{grundke,zincir}@cs.dal.caAbstract. This paper models an ad-hoc network as a continuum of nodes, ignoringedge effects, to find how the traffic scales with N, the number of nodes.We obtain expressions for the traffic due to application data, packet forwarding,mobility and routing, and we find the effects of the transmission range, R,andthebandwidth. The results indicate that the design of scalable adhoc networks shouldtarget small numbers of nodes (not over 1000) and short transmission ranges. Theanalysis produces three dimensionless parameters that characterize the nodes andthe network: α, thewalk/talk ratio, or the ratio of the link event rate to the applicationpacket rate; β,theforwarding overhead, or the average number of hopsrequired for a packet to travel from source to destination; and γ,therouting overhead.We find that the quantity αγ/β characterizes the relative importance ofrouting traffic and user data traffic. These quantities may be useful to comparethe results of various simulation studies.Keywords: Ad-hoc networks, mobile, scaling, continuum, model.1 IntroductionSeveral features distinguish ad-hoc networks [5] from their traditional wired counterparts:(1) Ad-hoc networks consist of mobile nodes that communicate by relativelylow-powered radio signals. (2) Nodes act both as hosts for application software andas routers to forward incoming packets to other nodes. (3) Ad-hoc networks need tobe highly dynamic: the nodes should be able to move, including entering and leavingthe network, without manual configuration. (4) Finally, since nodes rely on batteries,power is a scarce resource.Some recent papers have explored algorithms and protocols for this combinationof constraints. Santivanez et al. [11] model the scaling of ad-hoc routing protocols.Gupta and Kumar [6] analyze the capacity of wireless networks under a sophisticatedmodel, although mobility and routing are not considered. Hong, Xu and Gerla [7] analyzethe scalability and operational features of routing protocols for mobile ad-hocnetworks. They divide routing protocols into three categories: flat routing, hierarchicalrouting and geographical (GPS-augmented) routing.This paper investigates the scaling of a very simple model with minimum a prioriassumptions; the effects of mobility and (flat) routing are included. To this end, weconstruct an ad-hoc network model by specifying just the average density of nodes(the number of nodes per unit area): we are not concerned with discrete nodes, theirS. Pierre, M. Barbeau, and E. Kranakis (Eds.): ADHOC-NOW 2003, LNCS 2865, pp. 96–103, 2003.c○ Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2003
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Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2
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Samuel Pierre Michel BarbeauEvangel
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PrefaceAd Hoc Networks are wireless
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Program CommitteeG. Alonso, ETHZ, S
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3BerlinHeidelbergNew YorkHong KongL
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Table of ContentsSpace-Time Routing
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Author IndexAlonso, G. 104Bachir, A
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