Chapter 5 Genetic Analysis of Apomixis - cimmyt

ixFigures3 Figure 1.16 Figure 1.213 Figure 2.116 Figure 2.225 Figure 3.149 Figure 4.151 Figure4253 Figure 4.354 Figure 4.455 Figure 4.573 Figure 5.196 Figure 7.1103 Figure 7.2122 Figure 9.1127 Figure 9.2127 Figure 9.3129 Figure 9.4139 Figure 10.1142 Figure 10.2144 Figure 10.3148 Figure 10.4148 Figure 10.5164 Figure 11.1164 Figure 11.2173 Figure 12.1175 Figure 12.2197 Figure 12.3197 Figure 12.4197 Figure 12.5223 Figure 13.1Biotechology tools for strengthening plant breeding.The International Agricultural Research System in the era of biotechnology.Continuos introgression and hybridization without further introgresion in anapomictic complex including three genera, Bothriochloa, Capillipedium,Dichanthium, and 18 species.Evolution ofploidy levels in Tripsacum from fertilization of female gamete (n or 211)by a male gamete (n) from 2x, 4x or 6x plants or parthenogenetic development ofegg cell (n+O).Schematic diagram of apomictic embryo sacs.Integumentary embryony in Euonymus macroptera.Apospory in Panicum maximum.Aposporous megagametophyte development in Pennistum ciliare.Organization of the mature aposporous egg apparatus in Pennisetum ciliare.Apogamety in Trillium camschatcense.Genealogical tree of the cross Ranunculus cassubicifoliu s = C, 2x = 16, meiotic (sexual)x R. megacarpus = M, 4x = 32, partially aposporous ("totally" apomictic) and thedifferent backcrosses with the sexual parent C.Developmental stages during megasporogenesis and embryo-sac development inselected sexual (monosporic, bisporic, and tetrasporic) and apomictic (Alliumodorum-type diplospory, Antennaria-type diplospory, Taraxacum-type diplospory,lxeris-type diplospory, Blumea-type diplospory, and apospory) angiosperms.Model of how asynchronously-expressed duplicate genes cause diplospory andapospory in polyploids containing two genomes divergent in the temporalexpression of female developmental schedules (floral induction, megasporeformation, gametophyte development, and embryony).Mechanisms of pseudogamous gametophytic apomixis: consequences andcomparison with sexual reproduction.Aposporous development ofHieracium type in Poo pratensis (sectioning and stainingprocedure).Clearing techniques in Tripsacum spp.Confidence limits (a=O.025) for p in binomial sampling, given a samplefraction a/noSelection and breeding scheme for apomictic forage species.Distribution of 253 acessions of Brachiaria (B = B. brizantha; R = B. ruziziensis; D = B.decumbens; and J= B. jubata in two planes (PRIN1 and PRIN2) generated by PrincipalComponent Analysis using seven morphological descriptors.Hybridization scheme for breeding Brachiaria (adapted from Gobbe et. al. 1983)Simplified diagram of recurrent mass selection employed in SEX Brachiariapopulation.Simplified diagram ofrecurrent selection scheme emplyed in APO/SEX Brachiariapopulation at ClAT.Flow-eytometric analyses on entire seeds.Backcross scheme for the transfer of apomixis from Tripsacum into maize.Diagram of megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana.The main developmental features of apomixis in relationship to the sexual pathway.The R-Navajo (R-nj) dominant maker system for embryo and endosperm.The principle of enhancer detection and gene trapping.Enhancer detector transposant with GUS expression restricted to themegagametophyte."Uncoupling" genetic screens for apomictic mutations in Arabidopsis.