Chapter 5 Genetic Analysis of Apomixis - cimmyt

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202 UeIGfo...ll...Two additional points should be stressed. First,the technologies needed to engineer andcontrol apomixis under field conditions are notyet available and must first be developed, apoint that cannot be overstated as theidentification of potential regulatory genesprogresses rapidly. Second, this review of plantreproduction has focused on a geneticperspective with Mendelian traits controllingsexual and apomictic development. However,gene regulation by genomic imprinting maynot be the only epigenetic mechanism thatshould be considered. Current knowledge ofthe regulation of apomixis is fully compatiblewith an epigenetic view of this trait and weshould keep our minds open to alternativeexplanations that are epigenetic in nature. Ifapomixis is, for instance, due to epigenetic.in teractions between genomes, theengineering of apomixis in sexual species willbe much more complex.Finally, the accessibility of apomiXIStechnology to a broad community of plantbreeders in the public and private sectorworldwide must be ensured. If universal andequitable access to apomixis technologycannot be achieved through innovativepatenting and licensing, then the e.xcitingscience discussed in this volume will have littlepositive impact (http://billie.btny.purdue.edu/apomixis/).AcknowledgmentsMy special thanks go to Richard Jefferson forhis valuable contributions and comments, andto Gian Nogler for proofreading themanuscript. I would also like to thank JeanPhilippe Vielle-Calzada, Robert Pruitt, andRoss Bicknell for their stimulating discussions,and Alison Coluccio for help with thebibliography. SpeCial thanks go to RobertPruitt, Susan Lolle, Richard Jefferson, WeiYang, Satya Nugroho, lmran Sidiqqi, BrunoTinland, and the members of my laboratoryfor allowing me to cite data prior topublication. I am grateful for the supportprovided by the European Molecular BiologyOrganization, the Human Frontiers of ScienceProgram, the Janggen-Poehn-Foundation, andthe Demerec-Kaufmann-HollaenderFellowship in Developmental Genetics.Research in my lahoratory was funded by theCold Spring Harbor Laboratory President'sCouncil, Pioneer Hi-Bred International, grantMCB-9723948 of the National ScienceFoundation, and grant # 9801207 of theNational Research Initiative CompetitiveGrants Program of the U.5.D.A.ReferencesAhokos, H. 1977. Amutant of barley: triploidinducer. Barley Genet. Newsl. 7: 4-6.Allemon, M., ond, J. Dooor. 2000. Genomicimprinting in planls: observations andevolutionary implications. Plant Mal. Bial43: 147-61.Angenent, G.c., and LColombo. 1996.Molecular control of ovule development.Trends Plant Sci 1: 228-32.Antoine, A.F., J·E. Faure, S. Cordeiro, C. Dumas,M. Rougier, and J.A. Feija. 2000. Acalciuminflux is triggered and propagates in thezygote as awavefront during in vitrofertilization of flowering ~ants. Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. USA 97: 10643-48.Aoyama, 1, and N·H. Chua. 1997. Aglucocorticaid·mediated lranscriptionalinduction system in transgenic plants. PlantJ.ll:60S-12.Arabidopsis Genome Initiative 2000. Analysis ofthe genome sequence of the floweringplant Arabidapsis thaliana. Nature 408:796-8lS.Asker, S.E. 1979. Progress in opomixis research.Herooitas91: 231-40.--.1980. Gametophytic apomixis:Elements ond genetic regulation. Hereditas93: 277-93.Asker, S.E., A. Hagberg, and G. Hagberg. 1983.Apomixis in barley? Sver. UtsiidesFiiren.Tidskr. 93: 7s-76.Asker, S.E., and LJerling. 1992. Apomixis inPlants. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.Baker, S.c., K. Robinson·Beers, J.M. Villanueva,J.c. Gaiser, and C.S. Gasser. 1997.Interactions among genes regulating ovuledevelopment in Arabidopsis tholiono.Genetics 14S: 1109-24.Ballinger, D.G., and S. Benzer. 1989. Targetedgene mutations in Drosophila. Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. (USA) 86: 9402-ll6.Barcacoa, G., A. Manucato, E. Albertini, J.lethaf, A. Gerats, M. Penotti, M. Falcinelli.1998. Inheritance of parthenogenesis inPoa pratensis L: auxin test and AFLPlinkage ana~ses support monogeniccontrol. Theoretical and Applied Genetics97: 74-82.8ashaw, E.C., and W.W. Hanna. 1990. Apomicticreproduction.. In G.P. Chapman led.},Reproductive Versatility in the Grosses.Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge UniversityPress. Pp. 10~30.8echtold, N., J. Ellis, and G. Pelletier. 1993. Inplanta Agrobaeterium gene transfer byinfiltration 01 adult Arabidapsis thalianaplants. CR. Acad. Sci. Paris. 316: 1194-99.
F",," s.....Uy I. Apomixis: MoIeuIor ..dGHelk Ap,.-M, 203Bedinger, P., and S.D. Russell. 1994.Gametogenesis in maize. In M. Freeling andV. Walbot (eds.), The Maize Handbook. NewYork: Springer-Verlag. Pp. 48-61.Belanger K.D., and R.s. Quatrano. 2000.Polarity: the role of localized secretion. Curr.Gp. Plant Bioi. 3: 67-72.Bellen, HJ., CJ. O'Kane, C. Wibon, U.Grossniklaus, R_K_ Pearson, and WJ.Gehring. 1989. P-element-mediatedenhancer deteelion: aversatile method 10study development in Drosophila. Genes andDev. 3: 1288-1300.Bellen, HJ., C. Wilson, and WJ. Gehring. 1990.Dissecting the complexity of the nervouss~tem by enhancer detection. Bioessays 10:199-204.Belostotsky, D.A., and R.B. Meagher. 1996. Apollen-, ovule-, and ear~ embryo-specificpo~ (A) binding pratein from Arabidopsiscomplements essential functions in yeast.Plant Ce1/8: 1261-75.Bennelzen, lL, and M. Freeling. 1993. Grassesas asingle genetic system: genomecomposition, colinearity ond compatibility.Trends in Genetics 9: 259-61.Bensen, RJ., G.S. Jahal, V.c. Crane, J.T. Tossberg,P.S. Schnable, R.B. Meeley, and S.P. Briggs.1995. Ooning and characterization of themaize AnI gene. Plant Ce1/7: 75-84.Berger, F. 1999. Endosperm development. Curr.Op. Plant Bioi. 2: 28-32.Bicknell, R.A. 1997. Isolation of adiploid,apomictic plant of Hierodum aurontiacum.Sex. Plant Reproo. 10: 168-72.Bicknell, R.A., N.K. Barsl, and A.M. Kahunow.2000. Monogenic inheritalKe of opomixis inIwo Hieradum species wilh dislinctdevelopmental me
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Institut de Recherche pour Ie Devel
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iv33 Outlook33 References35 Appendi
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vi131 Screening Procedures: Advanta
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VIIITables4 Table 1.15 Table 1.29 T
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xAcknowledgmentsWe are grateful to
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xiifood crops such as maize, wheat,
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2 Gary H. T....i.....much food as i
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4 Gary H. Toe"'...breeding: the evo
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6 Gary H. T....it....The potential
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Chapter 2Apomixis and the Managemen
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10M.. Be,th.dcategories n + nand 2n
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Chapter 3Classification of Apomicti
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simultaneous division of the proxim
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Chapter 4Ultrastructural Analysis o
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(Figure 4.2a,b,c). Their cytoplasm
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Figure 4.2 (cont'd)
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Chapter 5Genetic Analysis of Apomix
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66 Robe" T. SherwoodIn mitotic dipl
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68 ••It T. Sllorwoodmegasporoge
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70 Robert T. SherwoodIdentification
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80 Robert T. SherwoodBanaglio, E. 1
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and meiotic or developmental mutant
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