150 (adlda Borge. da VaNe and Joh. W. MR••Carnahan, H.L, and H.D. Hill. 1961. Cytalogyand genetics <strong>of</strong> fOfll§6'grasses. Bot. Rev.27: 1-162. ""'C1AT (Centro InternacionaLde AgriculturaTropical). 1986. Germoplosma,. InformeAnual, 1985, Pastos Tropicales. Cali,Colombia: CIAT. Pp. 5--28. Pastures.--.1992. Postures for the TropicalLowlonds: OAT's (ontribution. Cali,Colombia: C1AT.--. 1993. Biotechnology Reseorch UnitAnnuol Report 19BB-1992. Cali, Colombia:C1AT.--. 1998. Gramineas yLeguminosasTropicales: Optimizacion de la diversidadgemltica pora usos multiples (Proyecto IPS). 1998. Informe Anual. 1997. CentroInternacional de Agricultura Tropical (C1AT),(ali, Colombia. Documento de Trabajono.174. Cali, Colombia: C1AT.aayton, W.O., and SA Renvoize. 1982.Gramineae (Part 3). In R.M. Polhill (ed.),Rora <strong>of</strong> Tropical East Africa. Kew, U.K.:Royal80tanical Gardens. Pp. 575--600.Combes, 0., and 1 Pernes. 1970. Variationsdans les nombres chromosomiques duPanicum maximum Jacq. en relation avecIe mode de reproduction. CR. Acad. Sci.Paris. 270: 782-85.Cruz, R., J.w. Miles, W. Rom, and G. de la Cruz.19890. <strong>Apomixis</strong> ysexualidad enBrachiaria. 2. Estudios citoembriologicos.Rev. (ubana de Gencia Agricola 23(3):307-12.Cruz, R., J.W. Miles, W. Rom, and H. Ramirez.1989b. <strong>Apomixis</strong> ysexualidad enBrachiaria. 1. Estudias bioquimicos. Rev.(ubana de Genria Agricola 23(3): 30105.Darlington, CD. 1939. The Evolurion <strong>of</strong> <strong>Genetic</strong>Systems. Cambridge, U.K.: CambridgeUniversity Press.de Wet, lMJ., and J.R. Harlan. 1970.<strong>Apomixis</strong>, po~ploidy and speciation inDichanthium. Evolution 24: 270-77.Dujardin, M., and W.W. Hanno. 1983. Apomicticand sexual pearl millet x Pennisetumsquamulotumhybrids.1. Hered. 74: 27779.Eudides, V.P.8., CB. Valle, M.CM. Macedo,andM.P.Oliveira. (2001). Evaluation <strong>of</strong>Brachiaria brizantha ecatypes undergrazing in small plots. In Proc. XIX Int.Grassl. Congr., Piracicaba, SOo Paulo,Brazil. HALO, 2001. (in press)Ferguson, lE., and LV. Crowder. 1974. Cytologyand breeding behavior <strong>of</strong> BrachiariarUliliensis Germain et Evrard. u-op Sci. 14:893-95.Fernandes, AU., CD. Fernandes, V.P.B. Eudides,and B. Gr<strong>of</strong> 1992. Avaliacoo de acessos dePaspolum spp. em consor~ia~oa comArachis pintoi, em areas umidas de baixafertilidade. In Red Internacianal deEvaluarion de Pastos Tropicales/RIEPT. 10.Reunion Sabanas. Brasilia. Documento de.trabajo Na. 117. Cali, Colombia: C1AT.Pp.555--60.Galindo-LOpez, L.F. 1997. Transformadan..: Igenetico de la graminea forrajeraBrachiaria spp., mediante la tecnica d.ebombardeo de particulas. [<strong>Genetic</strong>'transformation <strong>of</strong> the forage grassBrachiaria spp. by the technique <strong>of</strong> partidebombardment.] Undergraduate thesis.Universidad Nacional de Colombia,Palmira. 130 p. (+ Appendices).Gobbe, l, B. Longly, and B-P Louan!. 1983.Apomixie, sexualite et amelioration desgraminees tropicales. Tropicuhura 1: 5--9.Gobbe, l, A. Swenne, and B-P Louant. 1981.Diplo'ides natureb et autotetraplo"idesinduits chez Brachiario rUliliensis Germainet Evrard: criteres d'identificatian. Agron.Trop. 36: 339-46.Gro!, B., R.P. de Andrade, M.5. Fran~a-Dantas,and MA Souza. 1989a. Selection <strong>of</strong>Brachiaria spp. for the add-soil savannas <strong>of</strong>the central plateau region <strong>of</strong> Brazil. Proe.XVI Int. Grassl. (ongr., Nice, France. 1989.Assoe. Fr. Prod Fourragere. v.l. Pp. 26768.Gro!, B., R.P. de Andrade, M.A. Souza, and HM.Valls. 1989b. Selection <strong>of</strong> Paspolum spp.adapted to seasonally flooded varzea landsin central Brazil. Proe. XVI Int. Grassl.(ongr., Nice, France. 1989. Asllle. Fr. Prod.Fourragere. v.l. Pp. 291-92.Hacker, lB. 1988. Sexuality and hybridizationin signalgrass, Brachiaria decumbens. Trop.Grassl. 22: 139-44.Hallauer, A.R., and lB. Miranda. 1988.Quantitative <strong>Genetic</strong>s in Maile Breeding.2nd ed. Ames, Iowa: lawa State UniversityPress. Pp. 430-34.Hanna, W.W., and E.C 8ashaw. 1987. <strong>Apomixis</strong>:~s identificotion and use in plant breeding.(rap Sri. 27: 1136-39.Hanna, W.W., M. Dujardin, P. Ozias-Akins, and L.Arthur. 1992. Transfer <strong>of</strong> apomixis inPennisetum. In lH. Bgin and LP. Mikshe(eds.), Proe. <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Apomixis</strong> Workshop.USDA-ARS. Atlanta, Georgia_ 1992.Atlanta, Georgia: USDA-ARS 104. Pp. 3033.Harlan, lR. 1983. The scope for collection andimprovement <strong>of</strong> forage plants. In lG.Mcivor and RA Broy leds.), <strong>Genetic</strong>Resources <strong>of</strong> Forage Plants. EastMelbourne, Australia: CSIRO. Pp. 3-14.Harlan, J.R., M.H. Brooks, 0.5. Borgaonkar, andJ.MJ. de Wet. 1964. Nature andinheritance <strong>of</strong> apomixis in Bothriochloaond Dichanthium. Bot. Gal. 125: 41-44.Hughes, N.R.G, C8.do Valle, M. Herrero. 1998.Estimativa da resistencia ao cisolhamento ea moagem em quatro especies deBrachiaria.. In Proe. 35 Reuniiio Anual Soe.Bras. lootee., Botucotu: SBZ, Vi~osa. Pp.43-45.Hughes, N.R.G, CB.do Valle, V. Sabotel, 1Boock, N.S. Jessop, M. Herrero. 2000.Shearing strength as an additionalselection criterion for quality in Brachiariapasture ecotypes. 1. Agrie. Sri., Cambridge,135: 123-130.Hull, F.H. 1945. Recurrent selection for specificcombining ability in corn. 1. Amer. Soc.Agran. 37: 134-4S.IBGE (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia eEstatistica). 1995. Anuorio fstatistica doBrasilv.5S. Rio de Janeira, Brazil: IBGE.IBPGR (lnternotional Board for Plant <strong>Genetic</strong>Resources). 1984. Tropical and subtropicalforages. Report <strong>of</strong> working group. Rome:FAO.Keller-Grein, G., B.LMaass, and lHanson.1996. Natural variation in Brachiaria andexisting germ plasm collections.. In JW.Miles, B.L Maass, and C8. do Valle (eds.),Brachiaria: Biology, Agronomy, andImprovement. CIAT Publicotion No.2S9.Cali, Colombia: C1AT and Campo Grande,Brazil: CNPGC/EMBRAPA. Pp. 9-15.Lapointe, S.~ G. Arango, and G. Sotelo. 1989.Amethodology for evaluation <strong>of</strong> host plantresistance in Brachiaria to spi"lebug(Homoptera:Cercopidae). Prae. XVllnt.Grassl. Congr., Nice, France. 1989.Asllle.Fr. Prod. Fourragere. v.l, pp. 731-32.Lapointe, S.L, M.S. Serrano, G.L Arango,G.Sotelo, and F. Cordaba. 1992. Antibiasisto spi"lebugs (Homoptera: Cercopidae) inaccessions <strong>of</strong> Brachiaria spp. 1 Econ.Entomology 85 (4): 1485--90.Leblanc, 0., M. Duenas, M. Hernandez, S. 8ello,V. Garcia, 1 Berthaud, and Y. Savidan.1995a. Chromosome daubling inTripsacum the production <strong>of</strong> artificial,sexual tetraploid plants. Plant Breeding114: 226-30.Leblanc 0., D. Grimanelli, O. Ganzalez de Lean,and Y. Savidan. 1995b. Detection <strong>of</strong> theapomictic mode <strong>of</strong> reproduction in maizeTripsacum hybrids using maize RFLPmarkers. Theor. Appl. Genet. 90: 11981203.
Breedillg .1 Apomklk Spedf' 151lennis M. 1998. Desenvolvimento de ummetodo de lramform~iio genelico deBrarhiaria spp. por bombaredoomenta deportirulos. Masters thesis. Universidade deBrasUio, DJ. Brazil. 131 p.leNeriella, G., e.B. Volle, D. Christiane, and1,1.1.0. Penteada. 1999. Otalogia emodode reprodu~iia de acessos pentaploides deB. brizantha. In Prar. 36 Reuniiia Anual doSoc Bras. Zaoter., 1999. Porto Alegre,SBl/Vidoolar, SOo Poulo, Brazil. CD· ROM.Forrogirulturo. Avalia~iio de Forrogeiras.FOR 140.LuNs, S., J. Nidikumana, B.·P Louont. 1991.Fertility <strong>of</strong> Brarhiaria ruziziensis ininterspecific crosses with Brarhiariadecumbens and Brarhiaria brizanthu.meiotic behavior, pollen Viability and seedsel. fuphytjca 57: 267-74.Miles, J.W. 1995. Applicalion <strong>of</strong> recurrentselection for specific combining ability tothe improvement <strong>of</strong> apomictic Brachiaria.In Harnessing <strong>Apomixis</strong>, An InternationalConferenre,. 25-27 September 1995.College Slation, TX, USA. Pp. 64.[Abstract). College Station, Texas: FAO/ORSTOM/USDA·ARS/RockefellerFoundation/Texas Ag.Exp.sta./Dept.SoiIond Crop Sci·TAMU/ Pioneer Hi·BredInternational, Inc.--. 1997. Abreeding scheme to exploitheterosis in apomicts. (A/mroctl. InCIMMYT. Book <strong>of</strong> Abstrarls. The Genetirsand Exploitation <strong>of</strong> Heterosis in Craps; AnInternational Symposium. Mexico,DJ:OMMYT, Pp. 182-83.Miles, J.W., and M.l. Escandon. 1997. Furtherevidence on the inheritonce <strong>of</strong> reproductivemode in Brarhioria. Can. l. Plant Sri. 77:105-07.Miles, J.W., S.l. Lopointe, M.L Es(Ondon, and G.Sotelo. 1995. Inheritance <strong>of</strong> spiNlebugresistonce in interspecific Brachiariahybri
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(over illustration:Pictured is an i
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Institut de Recherche pour Ie Devel
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iv33 Outlook33 References35 Appendi
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vi131 Screening Procedures: Advanta
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VIIITables4 Table 1.15 Table 1.29 T
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xAcknowledgmentsWe are grateful to
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xiifood crops such as maize, wheat,
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2 Gary H. T....i.....much food as i
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4 Gary H. Toe"'...breeding: the evo
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6 Gary H. T....it....The potential
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Chapter 2Apomixis and the Managemen
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10M.. Be,th.dcategories n + nand 2n
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12 J.&eo BertIoaodtwo tetraploid sp
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14 JoG.. B.rth""dTable 2.8 Distribu
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16 M......thodhexaploidy through 2n
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18 JI&.. lertIoaodheterozygous cond
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20 JM Iertltaodmarkers to retain th
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22 JoA•• BerthudFurthermore, if
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Chapter 3Classification of Apomicti
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26 (llarIesf.(r••3) The Ixeris-
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simultaneous division of the proxim
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30 (\aries f. Crao.differentiating
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32 CWIts F. C,..haploids from norma
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34 cales F. (,...Campbell, C. S., C
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36 GaOO F. er...media. There may al
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38 (IIarIe,F.e-.The following recip
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40 CWIes F.
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42 C"Ie
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Chapter 4Ultrastructural Analysis o
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46 T.""". N. Naomo•• ..dJ...·P
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(Figure 4.2a,b,c). Their cytoplasm
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50 Tomaro N. Naurnovo ond Jeon-Phil
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Figure 4.2 (cont'd)
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54 Tamara N. Nauma.a and J...-Phaip
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56 Tamara H. Haumaya ...d J...-Phmp
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58 Tamara N. N....... Old JOGO-PUIp
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60 T.mar. N. N••may•••dJ
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62 Tamara N. Nouma.o and Jeon-Phmpp
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Chapter 5Genetic Analysis of Apomix
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66 Robe" T. SherwoodIn mitotic dipl
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68 ••It T. Sllorwoodmegasporoge
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70 Robert T. SherwoodIdentification
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72 R....11 T. SlMrwoodwe postulate
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74 Rob.rt T. Sherwoodin the gametop
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76 Rokrt T. SHtwoodPerhaps the most
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78 Robe" T. S~erwoodEnvironment pla
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80 Robert T. SherwoodBanaglio, E. 1
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82 Robe" 1. Sherwood---. 1989. Apom
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84 Dcaitl ~11i-, lot To...., .od Di
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86 Do.lel Griome/I-, Joe To~ ....,
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88 Oaoitl G
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90 o.lel ~II-, Jo. lob.., aod Diego
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and meiotic or developmental mutant
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94 D..iel Grimallelli-, Jo. Tohme,
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96 10k. G.(o,.,..mechanisms (Figure
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98 Jolo.G.(_explain the existence o
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- Page 152 and 153: 138 udda lorge. do Val. aod Joh W.
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- Page 194 and 195: 180 Ud Gr....lIoo,(Rhoades and Demp
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200 UtlG09".ila,ndescribed that are
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202 UeIGfo...ll...Two additional po
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204 Uel G.....ilcmDiboll, A.G., and
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206 UeRG'....ild...--.1974. Reprodu
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208 Uel GtO,,"ikIa..MIodzik, M., Y.
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21 0 Ud Gromild.1S--.1982. Nature e
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Chapter 13Induction of Apomixis inS
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214 Uta Praebll aod Rod ScottCrosse
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216 Uta Praektlt.. Rod Scana minori
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21 8 Uta P...ke~ .d Rod S
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220 Ura P"",k.h .d Rod ScottStubby
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222 Uta Praekelt Old Rod S,ollelong
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224 Uta P...kek .d Rad Scaliresulti
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226 Uta P,..kelt ..dRod S
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228 Uta P..utt aod Rod 5
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230 1\omas Dresselhaus, Joh. G. (IJ
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progression or inhibition of develo
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234 T1lo.... Dr......... Jo~. G. (.
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236 TIoo.... D........., J.~. G. (a
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238 T1tonoas Dr......... Joino G. '
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240 no- P,ossdlaos, Jo. G.'-.... Y.
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242 1110""" 0,........, M. G. c,.._
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