80 Robert T. SherwoodBanaglio, E. 1963. <strong>Apomixis</strong>. In P. MlIheshwari(ed.), Recent Advances in Ihe Embryology<strong>of</strong> Angiosperms. Delhi, Indio: Int. Soc. <strong>of</strong>Plant Morphologists, Univ. <strong>of</strong> Delhi. Pp.221-64.Bayer, RJ., K. Rilland, and B.G. Purdy. 1990.Evidence af portial apamixis in Anlennariamedia IAsteraceoe:lnuleoel detected by thesegregation <strong>of</strong> genetic markers). Arner. 1.801. 77: 107S-B1Bicknell, R. 1994. Hieraciunr. Amodel systemfor studying the molecular genetics afopomixis. <strong>Apomixis</strong> Newsletter 7: 8-10.Bicknell, R.A., and N.K. Bo~t. 1996. Isalatian <strong>of</strong>reduced genatypes <strong>of</strong> Hieracium pi/osellausing anather culture. P10nl Cell, Tissue andOrgan Culture 45: 37-41.Brown, W.V., and W.H.P. Emery. 1958. <strong>Apomixis</strong>in the Gramineae: Panicaideae. Arner. J.801.45: 253--63.Burson, B.L 1985. Cytalogy <strong>of</strong> Paspolumchacoence and P. durifolium and theirrelationship ta P. dilalalum. Bal. Gal. 146:124-29.--.1992. Cytalogy and reproductivebehaviar <strong>of</strong> hybrids between Paspolumurvillei and two hexaploid P. dilalalumbiotypes. Genome 35: ]002~6.Burton, G.w. 1992. Manipulating apomixis inPaspa/um. In J.H.E1gin and lP. Miksche(eds.), Proc. <strong>Apomixis</strong> Workshop, February11-12,1992, Atlanta, GA. USDA, ARS.ARS-] 04. Pp.I6-19.Burton, G.w., and I. Farbes. 1960. The geneticsand manipulatian <strong>of</strong> obligate apamixis incomman Bahia grass (Paspolum nolalumAuggel. PrOf. 8th Inl. Grassl. Congr.Pp.66-71.Burton, G.w., and W.W. Hanna. 1986. Bahiagrass (Paspalum notalum) tetra plaidsproduced by making (apamictic tetraploidxdiploid) xdiploid hybrids. Crop xi. 26:1254-56.--.1992. Using apomictic tetraploids tomake aself-incompatible diploid PensocalaBahiagrass dane set seed. 1. Hered. 83:30~6.Carman, l 1997. Asynchranous expression afduplicote genes in angiosperms may couseapomixis, bispary, tetraspory, andpolyembryony. Bioi. 1. <strong>of</strong> Ihe Unn. Soc. 61:51-94.Carman, lG., c.F. Crane, and O. Riera-lizarazu.1991. Comparative histology <strong>of</strong> cell wallsduring meotic and apomeioticmegasporogenesis in twa hexapklid.Australian Bymus species. Crop 5ci. 31:1527-32.Christ<strong>of</strong>f, M. 1942. Die genetische grundlage derapomiktischen Fortpflanzung bei Hierociumauranliacum Zeitschrih fur IndudiveAbstammungs-und Vererbungslehre 80:101Combes, D. 1975. Po~morphisme et modes dereproduction dons la section des Maximaedu genre Ponicum (Gramineesl en Afrique.Memaires ORSTOM 77: 1-99.Crane, CF. 1978. <strong>Apomixis</strong> and crassinginrompatibilities in some Zephyronlhaceoe.Ph.D. thesis, Univ. <strong>of</strong> Texos, Austin, Texas.--.1992. Arationale for theinvestigation <strong>of</strong> certain wild apomicts. InElgin, lH., and lP. Miksche (eds.) Proc.<strong>Apomixis</strong> Workshop, February 11-2, 1992,Atlanta, Georgia. USDA, ARS. ARS-l 04. Pp.5S-61.Crane, CJ., and lG. Carman. 1987. Mechanisms<strong>of</strong> apomixis in Elymlis rectisetus fromeastern Australia and New Zealand. Amer.1. 80t. 74: 477-96.Cruz, R., lW. Miles, W. Roca, and H. Ramirez.1989. <strong>Apomixis</strong> and sexuality in Brochiorio.I. Biochemical studies. Cuban 1. Agric. Sci.23: 317-21.den Nijs, A.P.M. 1990. Experimenting withapomixis and sexuality in Poa prolensis.<strong>Apomixis</strong> Newsletter 2: 52-54.den Nijs, A.P.M. and G.E. van Dijk 1991<strong>Apomixis</strong>.. In M.D. Hayward, N.O.Basemark, and I. Romagasa (eds.), P10nlBreeding: Principles and Prospedl. landan:Chapman and Hall. Pp. 229-45de Wet, lMJ., and JR. Harlan. 1970. <strong>Apomixis</strong>,po~plaidy, and speciation in Dichonlhium.Evolution 24: 270-77.Dujardin, M., and W.W. Hanna. 1989.Developing apomictic peorl milletcharacterization<strong>of</strong> a B~ plant. J. Genel.Breed. 43: 145-51.fISher, W.O., E.c. Bashaw, and E.C. Holt. 1954.Evidence for apamixis in Penniselum ciliareand Cenchrus seligerus. Agron. J. 46: 40104. GGadella,IWJ. 1987. Sexual tetra plaid andapomictic pentaploid populatians <strong>of</strong>Hieracium pi/Ofelia (Compositae). PI. Syst.Evol. 157: 219-46.Gerstel, D.U., B.l. Hammond, and C. KiM 1953.An additional note on the inheritance alapomixis in guayule. Bal. Gal. 1J5: 8993.Gerstel. D.U., and W. Mishanec. 1950. On theinherirance af apomixis in P<strong>of</strong>1heniumargenlolum. Bol. Gal. 112: %-106.Gaunaris, E.K., R.T. Sherwood, I. Gounaris, R.H.Hamiltan, and D.l. Gustine. 1991.Inorganic salts modify embrya socdevelapment in sexual and aposporausCenchrus ci/iaris. Sex. Plant ReprorJ. 4:18S-92.Grimanelli, D., a.leblanc, D. Gonzalez deleon,and Y. Savidan. 1995. Mapping apomixisin tetraploid Tripsocum, preliminary results.<strong>Apomixis</strong> Newsletter B: 37-39.Gustafssan, A. 1946-1947. <strong>Apomixis</strong> in higherplants. I. The mechanism <strong>of</strong> apomixis.lands Univ., Msskr. NJ. Mv. 242(3):166. II. The causal aspect af apomixis. Mv.243(2):69-182. III. Biotype and speciesformation. Mv. 243(12): 183-370.Gustine, D.L, R.T. Sherwood, and D.R. Huff.1997. Apaspory-linked molecular markersin buffelgrass. Crop Sci 37: 947-51.Gustine, D.L, R.T. Sherwood, Y. Gounaris, andD.R. Huff. 1996. Isozyme, protein, andRAPD markers within ahalf-sib lami~ <strong>of</strong>buffelgrass segregating far apo
G...H, Analy.i. <strong>of</strong> Apamlxl. 81Huff, R.D., and 1M. Bera. 1991 Determininggenetic origins <strong>of</strong> aberrant progeny fromfacultative apomictic Kentucky bluegrassusing acombination <strong>of</strong> flow cytometry andsilver-stained RAPD markers. Theor. Appl.Genet. 87: 201~B.Jassem, B. 1990. <strong>Apomixis</strong> in the genus Beta.<strong>Apomixis</strong> Newsletter 2: 7-21Jefferson, R.A. 1991 Strategic development <strong>of</strong>apomixis as a general tool for agriculture..In KJ. Wilson led.), Prae.lnternationolWorkshop on <strong>Apomixis</strong> in Rice, Jan. 1315, 1992, Changsha, China. Canberra,Australia: CAMBIA. pp. 206-17.Knox, R.B. 1967. <strong>Apomixis</strong>: seasonal andpopulation differences in a gras~. Science157: 325-26.Koltunow, A.M., R.A. Bicknell, and A.M.Choudhury. 1995. Apomixi~: molecularstrategies for the generation <strong>of</strong> genetical~identical seed~ withoul fertilization. PlontPhysiol. lOB: 1345-52.Kojima, A., and T. Kawaguchi. 1989. Apomicticnature <strong>of</strong> Chinese chive (Allium tuberosumRollI.) detected by unpollinated ovuleculture. lapJ.Breeding 39: 449-56.Kojima, A., Y. Nagato, and K. Hinala. 1991.Degree <strong>of</strong> apomixis in Chinese chive(Allium tuberasum) estimated by esteraseisozyme ana~i~. lop. 1. Breeding 41: 73B4.leblanc, 0., M. Dueiias, M. Hernandez, S. Bello,V. Garcia, 1 Berthoud, and Y. Savidan.19950. Chromosome doubling inTripsacum: the production <strong>of</strong> artifidal,sexual tetraploid plants. Plont Breeding114: 226-30.leblanc, 0., D. Grimonelli, D. Gonzalez de lean,ond Y. Savidan. 1995b. Detection <strong>of</strong> theapomictic mode <strong>of</strong> reproduction in maizeTripsocum hybrids using maize RFlPmarkers. Theor. Appl. Genel. 90: 11981201leblanc, 0., M.D. Peel, 1G. Carman, and Y.Savidan. 1995e. Megasporogenesis andmegagamelogenesis in several Tripsocumspecies (Poaceael. Amer. 1. Bot. B2: 5761Liljefors, A. 1955. Cytological studies in Sorbus.Ada Holti Bergianil7: 46-113.lubbers, E.L, l. Arthur, w.w. Hanna, and P.Ozias-Akins. 1994. Molecular markersshared by diverse apomictic Pennisetumspecies. Thear. Appl. Genet. 89: 636-42.Marshall, D.R., and R.w. Downes. 1977. Atestfor obligate apomixis in grain sorghumR471 Euphytica26: 661-64.Matzk, F. 19B9. <strong>Genetic</strong> studies onparthenogenesis in Poo pro/ensis L<strong>Apomixis</strong> Newsletter 1: 32-34.--.1991 a. Anovel approoch 10differentiated embryos in the absence <strong>of</strong>endosperm. Sex. Plant Reprod. 4: B8-94.---. 1991 b. New efforts 10 overcomeapomixis in Poa pratensis L Euphytica 55:65-72.Mazzucato, A. 1996. Which genets) are welooking for? <strong>Apomixis</strong> Newslefter 9: 7.Mazzucato, A., G. Beracda, M. Pezzotti, and M.Falcinelli. 1995. Biochemical and molewlarmarkers for investigating the mode <strong>of</strong>reproduction in the facultative apomict Poapratensis LSex. Plant Reprod. B: 133-38.Mazzucato, A., A.P.M. den Nij~, and M. Falcinelli1996. Eslimation <strong>of</strong> parthenogensisfrequency in Kentucky bluegrass withauxin·induced parthenocarpic seeds. ClopSci. 36: 9-16.Mazzucato, A., M. Wagenvoort, and A.P.M. denNijs 1994. Flow cytometric ana~ses toestimate the mode <strong>of</strong> reproduction in Poaprotensis L<strong>Apomixis</strong> Newslefter 7: 22-24.Miles, T.W., and C.B. do Valle. 1991. Assessment<strong>of</strong> reproductive behavior <strong>of</strong> interspecificBrachiaria hybrids. <strong>Apomixis</strong> Newslefter 3:9-10.Mogie, M. 1988. Amodel for the evolution andcantrol <strong>of</strong> generative apomixis. Bioi. 1.linn. Soc. 35: 127-51Nakajima, K., and N. Mochizuki. 1983. Degrees<strong>of</strong> sexuality in sexual plants <strong>of</strong> guineagrass by the simplified embryo socana~is. lap. l. Breeding 33: 45-54.Naumova, T., A.P.M. den Nij~, nnd M.T.M.Willemse. 1993. Quantitative anal~is <strong>of</strong>aposporous parthenogenesis in Poapratensis genotypes. Ada Bot. Neer/ond.42: 299-312.Nogler, G.A. 19840. Gametophytic apomixis.. InB.M. Jahri led.), Embryology <strong>of</strong>Angiosperms. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.Pp.475-51 B.---. 19B4b. <strong>Genetic</strong>s <strong>of</strong> apospory inapomictic Ranuncu/us auricamus: V.Conclusion. Bot. Helvetica 94: 41 1-22.--.1989.Cytogenetics <strong>of</strong>parthenogensis -/irst results onRanunculus auricomus. <strong>Apomixis</strong>Newsletter 1:44-47.--.1990 Simplified methods forembryologicol studies. <strong>Apomixis</strong> Newslefter2: 56-58.---. 1995. <strong>Genetic</strong>s <strong>of</strong> apomixis inRanuncu/us auricomus. VI. Epilogue. Bot.Helvetica 105: 111-15.Noirot, M. 1993. Allelic ratios and sterility in theagamic complex <strong>of</strong> the MaximaeIPanicoideae): evolutionory role <strong>of</strong> theresidual sexuality. 1. Evol. Bioi. 6: 95-101.Ozias-Akins, P., E.L lubbe~, W.W. Hanna, and1W. McNay. 1991 Transmission <strong>of</strong> theapomictic mode <strong>of</strong> reproduction inPennisetum: co-inheritance <strong>of</strong> the trait andmolecular markers. Theor. Appl. Genel. 85:632-38.Peacock, WJ. 1993. <strong>Genetic</strong> engineering andmulagenesis for apomixis in rice. In KJ.Wilson led.), Pro
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Institut de Recherche pour Ie Devel
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iv33 Outlook33 References35 Appendi
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vi131 Screening Procedures: Advanta
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VIIITables4 Table 1.15 Table 1.29 T
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xAcknowledgmentsWe are grateful to
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xiifood crops such as maize, wheat,
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2 Gary H. T....i.....much food as i
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4 Gary H. Toe"'...breeding: the evo
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6 Gary H. T....it....The potential
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Chapter 2Apomixis and the Managemen
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10M.. Be,th.dcategories n + nand 2n
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12 J.&eo BertIoaodtwo tetraploid sp
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14 JoG.. B.rth""dTable 2.8 Distribu
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16 M......thodhexaploidy through 2n
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18 JI&.. lertIoaodheterozygous cond
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20 JM Iertltaodmarkers to retain th
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22 JoA•• BerthudFurthermore, if
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Chapter 3Classification of Apomicti
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26 (llarIesf.(r••3) The Ixeris-
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simultaneous division of the proxim
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130 Ofjyier LH......AodrH Mom","Mar
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132 Olivier leblaoc and Aldr.. Mall
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134 OIivie' I
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136 or..io. u.~100< awd Aod.... M.n
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138 udda lorge. do Val. aod Joh W.
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140 Ca
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142 C«ida Jorge. do Va" aod Jah W.
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144 (..iIda 80rges cit Va" DOd Ja~.
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146 Cacido ....... Vole..J.b W. MIe
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148 Ca
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150 (adlda Borge. da VaNe and Joh.
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156 rn. s.mdaosearch for an opitimu
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158 Yv•• Savid..unreduced polar
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160 Yves SoviclaoBashawet al. (1970
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162 hOI Scrvidao211 = 56 chromosome
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164 r.., SaYid..Transfer of Gene(s)
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166 rves Sqyldaounanswered. However
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Chapter 12From Sexuality to Apomixi
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170 lie. Gros..iklalSgametes and em
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172 Uti Gro....1aosGunning 1990). T
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174 UeIGr.........embryogenesis, wh
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176 U.IGm..lln.apomictic pathway wi
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178 IJeIGr.........development with
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180 Ud Gr....lIoo,(Rhoades and Demp
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182 Ue5Gro........Meiosis is an alm
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184 Uel Gn...lIDo,To date, the phen
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186 Uei Gr....lIa..do not display p
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188 UtI GrOSllilaot.development of
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190 Ud e;,....1Ia..Arabidopsis, unp
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192 Ueli Gro".llae,system to identi
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194 UeI Gm..ikIonsystem developed b
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196 Ud Gro...ild...concentrate our
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198 lleIG
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200 UtlG09".ila,ndescribed that are
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202 UeIGfo...ll...Two additional po
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204 Uel G.....ilcmDiboll, A.G., and
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206 UeRG'....ild...--.1974. Reprodu
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208 Uel GtO,,"ikIa..MIodzik, M., Y.
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21 0 Ud Gromild.1S--.1982. Nature e
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Chapter 13Induction of Apomixis inS
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214 Uta Praebll aod Rod ScottCrosse
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216 Uta Praektlt.. Rod Scana minori
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222 Uta Praekelt Old Rod S,ollelong
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226 Uta P,..kelt ..dRod S
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230 1\omas Dresselhaus, Joh. G. (IJ
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progression or inhibition of develo
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234 T1lo.... Dr......... Jo~. G. (.
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236 TIoo.... D........., J.~. G. (a
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238 T1tonoas Dr......... Joino G. '
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240 no- P,ossdlaos, Jo. G.'-.... Y.
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242 1110""" 0,........, M. G. c,.._