Chapter 5 Genetic Analysis of Apomixis - cimmyt

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82 Robe" 1. Sherwood---. 1989. Apomixis in plont breeding:tronsfer vs. synthesis. Apomixis News/eNer1: 22-24.---.19900. The genetic control ofopomixis. Apomixis NewsleNer 2: 24-27.---. 1990b. Commentory on thepreceding contribution. ApomixisNewsletter 2: 51.---.19910. La critique est oisee mois I'artest difficile. Apomixis NewsleNer 1 26-27.--. 1991 bDo we need a c1assificotion ofapomixis? Apomixis NewsleNerl 27-29.---. 1992. Genetic control and screeningtools for apomixis. Apomixis NewsleNer 5:16-19.Savidan, Y.H., D. Grimanelli, and O. leblanc.1995. Apomixis expression in maizeTripsawm hybrid derivatives and theimplicotions regarding its control andpotential for manipulation. ApomixisNewsletter 8: 35-37.Savidan, Y.H, l. Jank, and C8. do Valle. 1989.Breeding Panicum maximum in Brazil. 1.Genetic resources, modes of reproductionand breeding procedures. Euphytica 41:107-12.Sovidan, Y.H., and J. Pernes. 19B2.Diploid·tetraploid-dihaploid cycles and theevolution of Poniwm moximum Jacq.Evo/u/ion 36: 596-600.Sherman, R.A., PW. Voigt, B.L Burson, and CLDewald. 1991. Apomixis in diploid xtriploidTripsowm daelyloides hybrids. Genome 34:528--32.Sherwood, R.T. 1995. Nuclear DNA amountduring sporogenesis and gametogenesis insexual and apasporous buffelgrass. Sex.Plan/ Reprod. 8: 85-90.Sherwood, R.T., CC Berg, and B.A. Young. 1994.Inheritonce of apospory in buffelgross. CropSci. 34: 1490-94.Sherwood, R.T., 8.A. Young, and E.C Bashaw.1980. Facuhalive apomixis in buffelgrass.Crop Sci. 20: 375-79.Snyder, LA., A.R. Hernandez, and H.E. Warmke.1955. The mechanism of apomixis inPennise/um ciliare. Bo/. G01. 116: 209-21.Sorensen, T. 1958. Sexual chromasomeaOOrranlsin Iriploid opomictic Taroxaca.Bo/anisk TidsskriFt 54: 1-22.Stebbins, G.L 1941. Apomixis in theangiosperms. Bo/. Rev. 7: 507-42.--. 1950. Varia/ion and Evo/u/ion inPlants. New York: Columbia Univ. Press.Taliaferro, CM., ond E.C Bashaw. 1966Inheritonce and conlrol 01 obligateapomixis in breeding buflelgross,Pennise/um ciliare. Crop Sci. 6: 473-76.Volle, CB. do, and CGlienke. 1993. Towardsdefining Ihe inheritance of opomixis inBrachiaria. Apamixis NewsleNer 6: 24-25.Valle, CB. do, G. leguizamon, and N.R. Guedes.1991. Interspecific hybrids of Brochiorio(Gramineael. Apomixis NewsleNerl lOll.Valle, CB. do, and J.W. Miles. 1992. Breeding ofapomictic species. Apomixis NewsleNer 5:37-47.Visser, N.C, and J.J. Spies. 1994. Cytogeneticstudies in the genus Tribolium (Poaceae:Danthonieael. II. Areport on embryo \ocdevelopment, with speciol reference to theoccurrence of opomixis in diploidspecimens. South Afrir. 1. Bo/. 60: 22-26.Voigt, Pw., and E.C Bashaw. 1972. Apomixisand sexuality in Eragros/is wrvulo. CropSci. 12: 843-47Voigt, PW., and B.L Burson. 1983. Breeding ofapomictic &agros/is wrvula. Pror. 14/h In/.Grassl. Congr. Pp.160-63.--. '992. Apomixis in Erogros/is.. In lH.8gin and lP Miksche leds.), Prar.Apomixis Workshop, February 11-12,1992, Atlonto, Georgio. USDA, ARS. ARS104. Pp. 8--11.Young, BA, R.T. Sherwood, and E.C Bashaw1979. Geored·pistil ond thick·sectioningtechniques for detecting opasporousapomixis in grosses. Can. 1. Bo/. 57:1668--72.Yudin, BJ 1994. Towords progeny·tests osrecognition tool of apomicts. ApomixisNewsletter 7: 10-12.
Chapter 6Applications of Molecular Genetics inApomixis ResearchDANIEL GRIMANELlI, JOE TOHME, AND DIEGO GONzALEZ-DE-LEONIntroductionApomixis in higher plants refers to a widerange of mechanisms of asexual reproductionthrough seeds (Nogler 1984a). It is found in atleast 400 wild species belonging to 35 higherplant families (Richards 1986; Asker andJerling 1992; Carman 1997). The modalities ofapomictic development in the wild are nearlyas diverse as the number of species studied,but in most cases, apomictic processescompletely bypass meiosis and egg cellfertilization, and produce offspring that areexact genetic replicas of the mother plant.Two major types of gametophytic apomixishave been described, namely diplosporousapomixis and aposporous apomixis, based onthe origin of the megagametophytes. Inaposporous apomicts, one or more unreducedfemale gametophytes form mitotically fromsomatic nucellar cells while the legitimatesexual line generally aborts. Diplospory resultsfrom meiotic failure in megasporocytes thatdirectly develop into mature unreducedfemale gametophytes through three or moremitoses. Typically, apomixis is a facultativephenomenon, and an apomictic plant usuallyproduces both asexually (apome;otic) andsexually derived embryos.Apomixis, for the most part, is found in wildspecies. In contrast, major crop plants aresexual, with only rare exceptions such as someprominent tropical forages. This could beconceived partly as a consequence of cropdomestication because the process necessarilyimplies that early farmers had access tovariability and segregation among the wildtypes. In modern agriculture, however, theability to fix superior genotypes throughgenerations would offer numerousadvantages. Recognition of these advantageshas led to a growing interest in apomixisresearch, and indeed, many scientists haveextolled the tremendous potential thatapomixis holds for plant improvement (thisvolume; Jefferson and Bicknell 1996;Grossniklauss et al. 1999; Savidan 2000).Various strategies are being considered by agrowing number of research groups aroundthe world to introduce apomixis into majorfood crops. The oldest efforts were directedtoward the introgression of the genes forapomixis from wild species into cultivatedrelatives (see review by Savidan 2000). As analternative approach, the de novo synthesis ofapomixis in sexual plants through geneticengineering is now underway through anumber of intiatives Oefferson and Bicknell1996; Grossniklaus et al. 1999; Luo et al. 2000).Despite this growing interest, surprisingly littleis known about the biology of apomictic plants.This is certainly the primary reason whyattempts to manipulate apomixis have failedto yield useful products to date, and it is clearthat harnessing the potential of apomixis willstrongly depend on our ability to develop areliable understanding of the basic features ofthe biological processes of apomixis and itsgenetic control. The emergence of powerful
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(over illustration:Pictured is an i
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Institut de Recherche pour Ie Devel
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iv33 Outlook33 References35 Appendi
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vi131 Screening Procedures: Advanta
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VIIITables4 Table 1.15 Table 1.29 T
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xAcknowledgmentsWe are grateful to
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xiifood crops such as maize, wheat,
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2 Gary H. T....i.....much food as i
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4 Gary H. Toe"'...breeding: the evo
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6 Gary H. T....it....The potential
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Chapter 2Apomixis and the Managemen
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10M.. Be,th.dcategories n + nand 2n
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12 J.&eo BertIoaodtwo tetraploid sp
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14 JoG.. B.rth""dTable 2.8 Distribu
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16 M......thodhexaploidy through 2n
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18 JI&.. lertIoaodheterozygous cond
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20 JM Iertltaodmarkers to retain th
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22 JoA•• BerthudFurthermore, if
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Chapter 3Classification of Apomicti
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26 (llarIesf.(r••3) The Ixeris-
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simultaneous division of the proxim
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30 (\aries f. Crao.differentiating
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Page 80 and 81: 66 Robe" T. SherwoodIn mitotic dipl
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Page 84 and 85: 70 Robert T. SherwoodIdentification
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132 Olivier leblaoc and Aldr.. Mall
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136 or..io. u.~100< awd Aod.... M.n
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138 udda lorge. do Val. aod Joh W.
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140 Ca
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142 C«ida Jorge. do Va" aod Jah W.
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146 Cacido ....... Vole..J.b W. MIe
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148 Ca
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150 (adlda Borge. da VaNe and Joh.
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152 Ccdda Borge. do v..... J.h W. M
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154 Yve< 5
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156 rn. s.mdaosearch for an opitimu
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158 Yv•• Savid..unreduced polar
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160 Yves SoviclaoBashawet al. (1970
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162 hOI Scrvidao211 = 56 chromosome
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164 r.., SaYid..Transfer of Gene(s)
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166 rves Sqyldaounanswered. However
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Chapter 12From Sexuality to Apomixi
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170 lie. Gros..iklalSgametes and em
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172 Uti Gro....1aosGunning 1990). T
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174 UeIGr.........embryogenesis, wh
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176 U.IGm..lln.apomictic pathway wi
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178 IJeIGr.........development with
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180 Ud Gr....lIoo,(Rhoades and Demp
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182 Ue5Gro........Meiosis is an alm
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184 Uel Gn...lIDo,To date, the phen
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188 UtI GrOSllilaot.development of
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192 Ueli Gro".llae,system to identi
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194 UeI Gm..ikIonsystem developed b
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204 Uel G.....ilcmDiboll, A.G., and
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206 UeRG'....ild...--.1974. Reprodu
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208 Uel GtO,,"ikIa..MIodzik, M., Y.
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21 0 Ud Gromild.1S--.1982. Nature e
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Chapter 13Induction of Apomixis inS
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216 Uta Praektlt.. Rod Scana minori
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230 1\omas Dresselhaus, Joh. G. (IJ
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progression or inhibition of develo
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240 no- P,ossdlaos, Jo. G.'-.... Y.
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242 1110""" 0,........, M. G. c,.._
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