Comunicar 39-ingles - Revista Comunicar

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38Comunicar, 39, XX, 2012the appropriate form and language, if it is communicated,if it circulates among the various users with appropriatefacilities, if it is exchanged» (Mundy & Sultan,2001).Several extensive studies emphasized the factthere is a very positive correlation between media andinformation literacy and civic engagement. Accordingto the ITU’s (2003) «ICT Markets and TrendsReport» of 2007 only (3.8%) of the world’s Internetusers are situated in Africa. The report estimates(55%) of the population in Sub-Saharan Africa areunconnected without access to fixed, mobile and/ordata services.The New Partnership for African DevelopmentSeveral extensive studies emphasized the fact there is a verypositive correlation between media and information literacyand civic engagement. According to the ITU’s (2003) «ICTMarkets and Trends Report» of 2007 only (3.8%) of theworld’s Internet users are situated in Africa. The reportestimates (55%) of the population in Sub-Saharan Africa areunconnected without access to fixed, mobile and/or dataservices.(NEPAD), in 2001, established with the assignment ofaccelerating the development of African inter-country,intra-country and global connectivity (Harindranath &Sein, 2007). However, many studies confirmed theremaining gap between those who are able to accessthe internet and services that have become necessaryfor effective citizenry and those who are not able to,has widened (Katiti, 2010).In a study titled «The Integrated Self-Deter -mination and Self-Efficacy Theories of ICT Trainingand Use: The Case of the Socio-Economically Disad -vantaged» concluded that physical access throughinfrastructure is not enough to overcome the limitedICT penetration in Africa (Techatassanasoontorn, &Tanvisuth, 2008).The Swedish Department of Empowermentdocumented the fact that infrastructural limitations oninternet usage in Africa still works as a pull factoragainst enhancing development, but the lack of digitalliteracy and skills premium stand out a real icebergblocking development among different African countries,and even within the social fabrics in Africa.The Institute for Research on Innovation andTech nology Management during the 1995-2003period showed that countries privatizing their telecommunicationsector enjoy a higher degree of media andinformation literacy expansion and digital freedom(Rahman, 2006).Many studies highlighted the fact that media andinformation literacy could accelerate progress andbypass the processes of accumulation of human capacitiesand fixed investment; which in turn could helpnarrow the gaps in productivity and output that separateindustrialized and developingcountries (Stein mueller,2001).The World Bank has alsofunded many projects to servethat purpose since 1995 toimprove the quality of life ofAfricans through media andinformation literacy, by implementingit as a tool to improvethe socio-economic, political orcultural conditions. In addition,the Association for ProgressiveCommunications (APC) issponsoring a project titled«Communication for Influencein Central, East and WestAfrica» (CICEWA) to assessthe impact of media and informationliteracy on maximizing development (Wanjiku,2009).This of course besides the «World Summit on theInformation Society» (WSIS) Plan of Action that aimsto connect rural villages with media and informationliteracy and establish community access points(Gillwald & Lisham, 2007), however, the goal of findingout the exact number of rural villages in Africa isby itself a great challenge.It seeks to overcome the permanent barrier thatexists for the implementation of media and informationliteracy and that lies in part in the discrepancies betweenideas and theoretical models and its implementation,as well as in the existing inequalities, still a sadreality for the asymmetric generation and empowermentof specific groups (Gregson and Bucy, 2001).For example, at the school levels a total of(68,662) students, (2,627) teachers, (217) schooladministrators, and (428) additional education stake-© ISSN: 1134-3478 • e-ISSN: 1988-3293 • Pages 35-43
39Table 1: Internet users and population statistics for Africa (US Census Bureau, 2009).holders in West and Central Africa participated in thestudy, only (17%) involved subject-specific media andinformation literacy for teaching and learning purposes»(Karsenti & Ngamo, 2007). This happens at atime, when media and information literacy could openup opportunities for citizens to participate in the publicsphere through what is described as «media participation»(Tettey, 2002).Many studies referred to the social, ideological(racism), and economic factors that resulted withstructural inequalities in South Africa. The UNHDR(2005) calculated that (34.1%) of the South Africanpopulation lives on less than ($2) per day, the lifeexpectancy at birth decreased to (49.0) years in 2000-05, the public expenditures on education decreased to(5.3%) of the GDP in 2000-02, and South Africa is listedas number (9) of countries with the highest incomeinequality that resulted with very high crime rate(UNHDR, 2005).South Africa has nine provinces, three of whichare considered thriving media and information literacyclusters: Gauteng, the Western Cape, and KwaZuluNatal, there is no significant relationship between telecommunicationinvestments on the one hand and onthe other hand Internet usage or PC usage. Althoughprivate annual telecommunication investment after afirst increase decreased, Internet and PC usage increa -sed in South Africa during the last decade.In South Africa, it is given a priority on the nationallevel to consolidate democracy and human rightsthrough citizens’ increased accessibility to informationas well as increased opportunities for communicatingfreely with each other on matters of civic importance(Tlabela, Roodt, Paterson & Weir-Smith, 2007).Howe ver, there are still significant challenges facingmedia and information literacy to reduce the differencesin access between social groups, thereby extendingthe benefits of technology to all sectors of thegrassroots (ITU, 2003).At the end ofthis section, onehas to be carefulabout the foregoingdiscussionsupport Ott’s(1998) admonishment to attenuate the utopian enthusiasmabout the democratizing impact of ICTs inAfrica. Nonetheless, there is minimal impact in thenumbers and categories of those who engage in andhence influence the direction of information literacyon the continent. The majority of the «publics» includingthe new generation are the marginalized segmentsof society, who are still unable to rupture thenature of literacy through ICTs because of economic,language or other constraints.3. MethodologyIn this section, the research refers to some of thelatest data base indicators to how media and informationliteracy stands in South Africa, and then taking acase study from the University of Cape Town onissues of DC++ among young elite students.In the first stage of the analysis, data are drawnfrom the Internet Usage and Population Statistics ofWorld Stats, only (6.7%) have Internet penetration inAfrica, which represent (3.9%) of the total worldusers. In this setting, two-thirds of people reside inrural areas with less than (4%) having a fixed linetelephone connection. The statistical data show thatalmost all African countries with very low Internetaccess are among the least developed countries in theworld in terms of health, education, and income. Assuch, a close correlation between global social gapsand the global digital divide.In table 1, one could easily correlate between clusteringof low values for both Digital Access Index(DAI) 1 and Human Development Index (HDI) 2 inAfrica. This clustering lends further weight to the ideathat both the HDI and DAI have a strong spatial component.In table 2, media and information literacy is takinga very unequal development. Internet access andexperiences of new media vary in the nature of consumptiongiving priority to mobile phones at theTable 2: Different New Media consumption in Africa (US Census Bureau, 2009).Comunicar, 39, XX, 2012© ISSN: 1134-3478 • e-ISSN: 1988-3293 • Pages 35-43
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