natural, history

220The earliest adequately described avian trypanosome characterized by a short freeflagellum like that of the Rennellese species is T. paddae Laveran & MesniI. Thisparasite, which was discovered in blood from a Java Sparrow purchat:ed in Paris,measures 30 to 40 fl. by 5 to 7 fl.. It has a relatively narrow undulating membrane,myonemes are evident, the nucleus is near the middle of the body, and the extremitiesare finely drawn out (see Figs. I and 3 herein). LAVERAN & MESNIL (1904) gave thelength of the free flagellum of T. paddae as 1.5 to 6 fl., adding that the anterior end ofthe body proper reaches almost to the tip of the flagellum. THIROUX (1904) declaredthat only a very short portion of the flagell urn is free, remarking that the kinetoplastis usually about mid-way between the nucleus and the posterior end but sometimescloser to the nucleus. and commenting on the poor staining qualities of the nucleus,undulating membrane, and flagellum.Answering as closely as it does to this descripion, the trypanosome of Woodfordiasupercifiosa is identified as T. paddae. The locality and host are new, although itshould be noted that trypanosomes have been reported from another bird of thesame family, (Zosterops chforophea) ,~ Z. chloronota. on Mauritius (DAVID, 1912).DAVID did not describe this parasite because of the scantiness of his material, buthe designated as Trypanosoma mayae a paddae-like species from sparrows on thesame island. Trypanosomes possibly referable to T. paddae are known from manyhosts and localities, for example, bee-eaters in Uganda (MINCHIN, 1910) and dovtsn Formosa (OGAWA & UEGAKI, 1927).Haemoproteus galatheae n. sp. (PI. I, Figs. 4-13).Host: Threskiornis molucca pygmaeus (1/1).An ibis shot at Lake Te-Nggano was parasitized by a haemoproteid which causesmarked hypertrophy of invaded red cells. Fifty consecutive erythrocytes containingmature haemoproteids measured 13.1 to 16.1 fl. (av., 14.9 fl.) by 6.7 to 9.4 fl. (av.,7.6 iLl, whife the same number of adjacent uninfected cells measured 12.2 to 14.9 fl.(av., 13.3 !L) by 6.1 to 7.5 [1. (av., 6.9 (1.). The nucleus of the parasitized cell becomesdisplaced laterally, maturing gametocytes pressing it towards (Figs. 5-10) or against(Fig. II) the cell membrane. Rarely, the location of the haemoproteid is polar insteadof lateral. In such cases the erythrocyte nucleus is likely to be tilted out of itslongitudinal alignment, as happens more frequently in Plasmodium infections, as wellas being displaced towards the uninfected end of the cell.Young parasites have a subterminal or terminal nucleus (Fig. 4), and pigmentbecomes evident at an early stage. As growth proceeds the nucleus adopts a cen\ralposition, and golden-black pigment granules become grouped at one end of the ~ody,sometimes forming a ring around the periphery of a vacuole (Fig. 5). Immaturemacrogametocytes (Figs. 6, 7) may still have a circle or irregular cluster of pigmentgranules towards one end, but other granules are scattered throughout the cytoplasmas well. The parasite now begins to grow around the ends of the host cell nucleus.Macrogametocytes retain their smoothly rounded outline through this stage, but theextremities of microgametocytes (Fig. 8) sometimes become irregularly shaped.