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106 Proto-indo-European Phonology2) First researcbed in the twentieth century, the IE languages Hittite (cf. E410) and Tocharian (cf. E 408) bave contributed significantly to examples ofthis type: The sequence ithJ_/hJ, attested in Greek, corresponds to an inversesequence (/hJ-ithl) in Hittite and Tocharian. In Hittite, 'earth' appears innom/acc. sg. as le-e-kOn i.e. tegan (further attestations in Tischler, HEG III p.292ff.), and in Tocharian A as lka",. The Hittite nom sg. iJar-ttig-ga-as i.e.!Jarlkas, appears to mean 'bear' (further attestations, including suggestions forfurther reading: Puhvel HED III p. 20 I f.).3) Thus, in place of PIE *gha m- ('earth'), a reconstruction ofa paradigmwith conventional consonants appears correct: Hitt. strong stem with nom sg.lekan < PIE *dhegr6m and weak stem with gen. sg. takn- < Proto-Anat.*dh°ghm_ < PIE *dhgrm_. While Anatolian, thanks to the schwa secundumwas able to keep the sound group paradigm-internal, elsewhere PIE *dhgrm_was simplified to *grm-. Compare: Gr. XOl1oi 'on the earth,' Lat. humi 'onthe ground' (from which, secondarily, humus f. 'ground' developed: Wackemagel Vorlesungen IT 1928 p. 32), Lith. ieme, OCS zemlja 'earth.'Finally, in such a case as that of the loc. sg. PIE *dhgrem, the tautosyllabic*dhgr_ was transformed to *grdh_, upon the basis of which both Gr. f