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246 Proto-lndo-European Syntaxlions for the introduction of adverbial phrases. Adverbial phrases tbat areintroduced by counctions bave their origin in relative clauses. This isevid 7nced by the fact that conjunctions may be traced to certain cases ofrelatIve pronouns, e.g. Lat. cum < quom = acc. sg. ill of the relative pronoun'kwo_. Following the origin of adverbial phrases, whereby conjunc_lions found their origins in relative pronouns, other parts of speech werealso transformed into conjunctions. Thus, subordinated clauses that areintroduced ?y relative pronouns can perform the function of subject, ob­Ject, adverbIal phrase, appositional phrase, and attribute.I) Proto-Indo-European features two types of relative clauses: attributiveand appositive. These are distinguished from one another by sentence-initialpronouns: The attnbutive relative clause is introduced by the pronoun *k"'i- /'k'" 0-; \be appositive, by the pronoun ' Hjo-. There is one semantic differencebetween the two types of relative clause: While the attributive relative clausedescribes an additional quality, \be appositive relative clause states a knownquality of tbat to which the relative pronoun refers, i.e. the referent. The attributiveelative clause may thus appear without a referent, while \be apposit,verelallve clause may only be used in connection with a referent.In thepost-Proto-Indo-European period, this fonnal characteristic of the two typesof relallve clause was abandoned, such tbat the individual lE languages eachuse just one of\bese relative pronouns.2) According to Ch. Lehmann, Proto-Indo-European features only postnominaland sentence-initial relative clauses, and none that are prenominaJ andsentence-final." 'PostnominaJ' and 'prenominaJ' indicate the placement of therelative clause relative to \be referent; 'sentence-initial' and 'sentence-finaJ'indicate the placement of the relative clause in relation to the main clause. InLehrnann's .view, \be .'Hjo- relative clause occurs only in a postnominaJ posilionand ongmates eIther from an attribute that was added to 'Hio- or froman independent sentence introduced by 'Hio-. In fuet, • Hjo- an anaphoricfuntion. The sentence-initial k"'i-/k'" 0- phrase, according to Lehmann,serves to indIcate a \berne, to which \be fo llowing main clause refers: ''Thenucleus of a restri c:tive relative clause [sic] is necessarily semantically indefirute;thus, \be relallve pronoun that detennines it must be indefinite. The useof a relative pronoun tbat is closely related both to the interrogative pronounand t ?the indefinite pronoun is thus explained . .. " (p. 163).According toHettrich (Hypotaxe, 1988 p. 776-778), fo llOwing a linguistic phase which fea-sentence Syntax 247relative participles, relative clauses develop fro paratactically coorditU:clauses with anaphoric. pronouns, process which leads m turn to thena . n of appositive-explicallve relallve sentences (from sentences WIth:aJ anaphoric 'kwi_/'k'" 0-). For ịnformation n morplogy, c .f F 404.furrn;:::c 'Hjo-) and attributive-restrictive relative clauses (from sentences.. . . .FM m ore information regardmg the termmology apposlllve vs. attnbu-t ·d· Ch,. Seiler Relativsatz 1960; concerrung apposItIve vs. restnctlve: LehmanO Relativsatz 1984 and Hettrich Hypotaxe 1988. Accor mg toK It, there was no relative attribute in Proto-Indo-European, but rather Itoc· f · 1 1 ·developed in individual lE languages upon the baSIS 0 nomma re aliveclauses.123. Verbal and Nominal PhrasesS 206. In a verbal phrase, the finite verb determines the actants, whichare governed by rules of dependence. In the nominal phrase, there IS nofinite verb to determine the actants. Nominal phrases are not simply verbalphrases without a finite verb (with what is called elipsis of the copula), butrather constitute an independent type of clause. Thus, the predIcate nounin nominal phrases is always stressed, unlike the verbal predicate in verbalphrases. In fact the term 'elipsis' is not exact, since the copula is not essential.Contrarily, the use of the copula should rather be seen as an adaptationto the common pattern of verbal phrases, which always feature afinite verb form. This use of the copula is in fact a sort of explicative signification,in which the content of the copula is expressed through theconnection of the various sentence elements and is given particular emphasisalone through an independent linguistic symbol of comparable meaning.S 207. For more information on parataxis: -7 Kieckers Steflung desVerbs 191 1; Ammann Untersuchungen I 1922; by the same author, "Untersuchungenzur homerischen Wortfolge und Satzstruktur. 2. Te il: DieSteflung des Verbums, im Einzelnen untersucht" in IF 42 1924 p. 149-171and 300-322; W. Dressier "Eine textsyntaktische Regel der idg. Wortstellung"in ZVS 83 1969 p. 1-25; R. Harweg "Zum Verhiiltnis von Satz,Hauptsatz und Nebensatz" in ZDL 38 1971 p. 16-46; C. Watkins "SomeIndo-European verb-phrases and their transformations " in Selected... .I JCh. Lehmann "Der indogermanische ·kwi-Ikwo-Relativ.vatz im typ% gischenVergleich", Kol/oquium Syntax Pavia 1979 [1980J p. 155-16912"Zur Vorgeschichle des relaliven Atlribu/ivkonnexes im Baltischen und Slavischen"in Kolloquium ldg., Slow. u. Bolt. Jen. 1989 [1992J p. 45-88